洞庭湖区不同利用方式下农田土壤有机碳含量特征

土地利用方式是影响土壤有机碳含量和动态的重要因子之一。其利用方式的改变必将引起土壤有机碳含量发生相应的变化。在洞庭湖腹地选取典型样区,通过调查走访和密集取样,分析了不同土地利用方式（旱地、水旱轮作地、一季稻水田和双季稻水田）下623个农田耕层土样有机碳含量。结果表明,研究区内土壤有机碳含量高低顺序为双季稻水田（28.12 g/kg） > 一季稻水田（27.03 g/kg） > 水旱轮作地（24.79 g/kg） > 旱地（17.96 g/kg）,其差异均达到极显著水平（P < 0.01）。土地生产力、秸秆还田量和土壤水文状态是导致不同利用方式下耕层土壤有机碳含量差异的主要原因。进一步分析表明：加强作物秸秆还田（土）、提高土地复种指数、增加地表覆盖是维持和提高洞庭湖区耕作土壤有机碳含量的可行措施,尤其是旱作土壤。     

近50a海河流域降水丰枯遭遇分析

针对海河流域洪水资源利用的迫切需求,基于39 个气象站点近50 a 长系列降水数据(1951—2008 年),利用Copula 连接函数,揭示海河流域内部南北山区与平原区之间的降水丰枯遭遇情况,为缺水的海河流域洪水资源利用与管理提供决策依据。研究表明,海河流域各区受到同一天气状况影响较大,同一水系在山区和平原区的降水同丰、同枯概率均在20%以上,其中同枯的概率更大(北部水系25%,南部水系31%);同一水系内山区丰水与平原区枯水的遭遇概率小于6%,降水丰、枯互补性较差;但不同水系之间的山区与平原区降水丰枯遭遇概率为9%。从全流域的角度,考虑南北水系之间调水,将有助于海河流域洪水资源的开发利用。     

历史时期黄河流域城市空间格局演变与影响因素

研究历史时期黄河流域城市的空间格局演变,能够更好地理解人居环境的特点和发展脉络,对当今黄河流域生态保护、城镇发展有重要的现实价值。采用哈佛大学CHGIS数据库中城市时间序列数据,以及历史人口数据、流域和高程数据,通过实证分析,梳理黄河流域城市时空格局演变过程与影响因素。研究发现：（1）城市数量变化可划分为五个阶段。（2）一级延续稳定区,以今安阳为中心的河南北部城市高密集区和以今西安为中心的关中城市高密集区;以今济南、太原、洛阳为中心的次高密集区。二级延续稳定区分为五条重要的城市带,即渭河城市带、汾河城市带、鲁中山地北麓城市带、太行山东麓城市带及运河城市带。（3）城市重心迁移的平均距离为32 km,人口重心迁移的平均距离为95.78 km,城市和人口的分布有着较密切的联系。（4）气温、降水、高程、与河流的距离、黄河下游河道的变迁等自然因素,以及战争、都城转移和人工运河等人文因素共同影响了历史时期黄河流域城市的时空格局。     

普萘洛尔在太湖沉积物上的吸附特征

主要研究了pH、离子强度、腐殖酸和沉积物有机质对普萘洛尔在太湖沉积物上吸附行为的影响.结果表明,沉积物对普萘洛尔具有一定的吸附能力.在强酸环境下,由于H+与带正电荷的普萘洛尔之间的竞争作用使得普萘洛尔的吸附量较小,随着pH的增大,吸附量逐渐增大至基本稳定,但当pH＞9时,吸附量明显下降.K+、Na+和Ca2+的存在会减...     

松辽盆地三肇地区低渗透油田构造裂缝特征

松辽盆地主要经历了伸展构造期和反转构造期两个构造时期,形成了复杂的构造裂缝组系。裂缝以垂直和高角度倾斜缝为主,力学性质表现为张性缝。虽然存在多组裂缝方向,但以东西向裂缝占优势,其次为北东和南北向裂缝。裂缝形成时期主要在反转构造期的挤压应力作用下形成,裂缝的发育主要受岩性、岩层厚度和构造部位的控制。在现今地应力作用下,东西向裂缝有效程度高,成为影响三肇地区注水开发的主要裂缝组系。     

Historical mercury contamination in sediments and catchment soils of Diss Mere, UK

A 5.3 m sediment core and soil samples were taken from Diss Mere and its catchment. The sediment core was dated and Hg analysed on the sediment and soil samples. The Hg record of the sediment core shows that Diss Mere has been contaminated for the past thousand years and the historical trends in sediment contamination are in good agreement with the development of the weaving industry in Diss and hemp cultivation in the region. Mercury contamination in Diss Mere has been significant and reached a peak in the mid-19th century with sediment Hg concentrations over 50 μg g⁻¹. Elevated Hg concentrations were also found in contemporary soils in residential areas with former industrial land use. Although local hemp cultivation and the traditional weaving industry were abandoned a hundred years ago, Hg contamination caused by these activities still exists in the catchment, and affects the lake.     

滇池湖泊富营养化动力学模拟研究

针对滇池富营养化情况 ,利用实测资料 ,建立了叶绿素a、透明度、藻量与总氮、总磷之间的相关关系式 ,利用水动力学原理建立垂向平均化的水动力学模型 ,并对总氮、总磷及叶绿素a、透明度和藻量分布进行了模拟计算。对滇池湖泊富营养化的控制提供科学依据。     

MULTIPLICATIVE,SEASONAL ARIMA MODELS FOR LAKE ERIE AND LAKE ONTARIO WATER LEVELS1

ABSTRACT: Federal agencies in the U.S. and Canada continuously examine methods to improve understanding and forecasting of Great Lakes water level dynamics in an effort to reduce the negative impacts of fluctuating levels incurred by interests using the lakes. The short term, seasonal and long term water level dynamics of lakes Erie and Ontario are discussed. Multiplicative, seasonal ARIMA models are developed for lakes Erie and Ontario using standardized, monthly mean level data for the period 1900 to 1986. The most appropriate model identified for each lake had the general form: (1 0 1)(0 1 1)₁₂. The data for each lake were subdivided by time periods (1900 to 1942;1 943 to 1986) and the model coefficients estimated for the subdivided data were similar, indicating general model stability for the entire period of record. The models estimated for the full data sets were used to forecast levels 1,2,3, and 6 months ahead for a period of high levels (1984 to 1986). The average absolute forecast error for Lake Erie was 0.049m, 0.076m, 0.091 m and 0.128m for the 1, 2,3, and 6 month forecasts, respectively. The average absolute forecast error for Lake Ontario was 0.058m, 0.095m, 0.120m and 0.136m for the 1,2,3, and 6 month forecasts, respectively. The ARIMA models provide additional information on water level time series structure and dynamics. The models also could be coordinated with current forecasting methods, possibly improving forecasting accuracy.     

Nutrients regeneration pathway, release potential, transformation pattern and algal utilization strategies jointly drove cyanobacterial growth and their succession

In order to better understand the contribution of nutrients regeneration pathway, release potential and transformation pattern to cyanobacterial growth and succession, 7 sampling sites in Lake Chaohu with different bloom degree were studied every two months from February to November 2018. The carbon, nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) forms or fractions in surface, interstitial water and sediments as well as extracellular enzymatic activities, P sorption, specific microbial abundance and community composition in sediments were analyzed. P regeneration pathway was dominated by iron-bound P desorption and phosphorus-solubilizing bacteria solubilization in severe-bloom and slight-bloom area respectively, which both resulted in high soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) accumulation in interstitial water. However, in severe-bloom area, higher P release potential caused the strong P release and algal growth, compared to slight-bloom area. In spring, P limitation and N selective assimilation of Dolichospermum facilitated nitrate accumulation in surface water, which provided enough N source for the initiation of Microcystis bloom. In summer, the accumulated organic N in Dolichospermum cells during its bloom was re-mineralized as ammonium to replenish N source for the sustainable development of Microcystis bloom. Furthermore, SRP continuous release led to the replacement of Dolichospermum by Microcystis with the advantage of P quick utilization, transport and storage. Taken together, the succession from Dolichospermum to Microcystis was due to both the different forms of N and P in water column mediated by different regeneration and transformation pathways as well as release potential, and algal N and P utilization strategies.     

基于太湖微囊藻毒素的叶绿素a阈值研究

以探讨叶绿素a(Chl-a)阈值为主要目的于2013年6~10月间每月在太湖采样,通过固相萃取超高效液相色谱串联质谱法对水体中3种微囊藻毒素(MC-LR、MC-RR、MC-YR)进行检测.利用SPSS软件分析各种形态的微囊藻毒素(MCs)与总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)、Chl-a、高锰酸盐指数等富营养指标的相关性,分析了MC-LR、MCs与Chl-a的关系.结果表明,太湖MCs污染较严重,其浓度的空间分布特征为:梅梁湾>贡湖、西部沿岸区>湖心区>胥湖区、南部湖区,并以MC-LR浓度最高;相关性分析表明MC-LR、MC-RR、MC-YR及MCs均与高锰酸盐指数、TN、TP、Chl-a呈极显著正相关(P<0.01).结合饮用水中MC-LR和MCs的标准限值分析得出,太湖Chl-a的阈值是12.26 mg·m-3,与美国北卡罗莱纳州湖泊的Chl-a标准值比较属于安全阈值,具有一定的科学性.