太湖五里湖非点源污染物的来源与控制对策

现场调查显示,五里湖非点源污染物来源于城区道路、居民区、农业和绿化施肥等方面,在降雨时通过河道、湖周散流和大气沉降方式入湖.根据流域环境特点,将五里湖流域划分为西南山地风景旅游管理区,北部新城污染控制区和东南农业、渔业综合整治区3个区域类型,并对各区提出了如下的非点源污染控制对策:西南山地风景旅游管理区需采取陆上植被保护和滨水植被恢复工程;北部新城污染控制区需采取滨水区、河口区、河道区植被恢复工程以及人工湿地工程;东南农业、渔业综合整治区需采取有机农业工程、污水处理工程、植物塘净化工程和河道生态净化工程.      

太湖水体中丁基锡化合物污染现状研究

对太湖表层水、沉积物和水生生物样品的丁基锡污染物进行了研究.结果表明,绝大多数表层水样中未检出丁基锡化合物;沉积物样品中丁基锡的检出率为50%,浓度在0～0.95ng/g范围内,主要以一丁基锡为主;生物样品中检测到较高含量的丁基锡污染物,总丁基锡浓度为27.05～181.23 ng/g,这反映丁基锡具有明显的生物富集效应.生物样品中三丁基锡是主要污染物,大约占总丁基锡含量的70%.太湖中丁基锡的污染来源可能主要来自养殖网箱和船舶防污涂料的使用.     

盐结皮对艾比湖湿地土壤特性的影响及其自然要素分析

为探讨艾比湖湿地内土壤盐结皮(SSC)与土壤特性的相互作用关系,以及影响SSC厚度的 自然要素.采用野外调查与室内试验相结合的方法,在湿地内选取30个具有代表性的样点,并在其周围选取无SSC的样点(30个)作对比,对研究区内有SSC和无SSC覆盖的土壤特性(有机质、容重、质量含水量、总盐、全氮、全磷和pH)进行对比分析...     

湖南典型农田土壤有机碳含量及其演变趋势

以湖南省沅江市(28°42′～29°11′N、112°16′～112°56′E)为代表,通过典型样区密集取样分析和同一区域的历史资料比较,研究了洞庭湖区农业用地土壤有机碳的演变趋势,发现稻田土壤有机碳在最近25a中稳步增加,而改为旱地的土壤有机碳含量减少.2004年典型样区土壤有机碳均值为(26.66±4.93)g·kg^-1,主要分布区间为20～35g·kg^-1,比1979提高22.64%;其中耕作制度为双季稻的土壤有机碳含量,由1979年的20.29g·kg^-1提高到了2004年的28.12g·kg^-1,年均增加量约313.5mg·kg^-1(年递增率为1.15%);耕作制度为一季稻的土壤有机碳含量,由1979年的20.29g·kg^-1提高到了2004年的27.25g·kg^-1,年均增加量约278.3mg·kg^-1(年递增率为1.16%),耕作制度为水旱轮作的土壤有机碳含量,由1979年的20.29g·kg^-1提高到了2004年的23.90g·kg^-1,年均增加量约144.5mg·kg^-1(年递增率为0.78%),而改为旱地的土壤有机碳含量,由1979年的20.29 g·kg^-1降低到了2004年的18.40g·kg^-1,年均减少量约75.48mg·kg^-1(年递减率为0.37%).方差分析表明,稻田土壤有机碳的增加达到了极显著水平,改为旱地的土壤有机碳含量的减少未达到了显著水平.表明洞庭湖区不同利用类型的土地均是重要的固碳场所,农业用地的土壤有机碳库是大气CO₂循环的“汇”,而不是“源”.     

模拟生物采样和原位鱼体生物富集水中PAHs的比较

半渗透膜采样技术(SPMD)模拟了生物富集水中疏水性有机污染物的过程,并且可以用来监测生物有效态污染物的长期平均浓度.但是在野外条件下SPMD和鱼体生物富集作用的比较研究相对较少.本工作在太湖梅梁湾选取了5个站点,同时放置SPMD和笼养的鲫鱼暴露32 d,以研究水体中多环芳烃(PAHs)在SPMD和鱼体内的富积规律.结果表明,SPMD和鲫鱼所富集的多环芳烃在组分构成和相对富集量上类似,不同采样点的各种多环芳烃的生物浓缩因子(lg BCF)和器件富集因子(lg DCF)之间存在显著相关性(p<0.000 1).定量的分析数据表明,鱼体和SPMD对PAHs的富集量在脂类归一化后差异不大,两者的比值在0.47和4.12之间变动,有较好的可比性.因此认为,SPMD能够模拟淡水湖泊中鱼类富集多环芳烃的过程,可以用来估算多环芳烃在鱼体中的浓度水平.     

太湖梅梁湾沉积物中多环芳烃的生态和健康风险

持久性有机物引起的水质安全性问题日益受到广泛的关注.利用生态和健康风险评价的原理和方法,对太湖梅梁湾水源地沉积物中的多环芳烃可能导致的负面效应进行了分析.首先采用商值法筛选出该地区沉积物中具有潜在风险的多环芳烃,再进一步用建立在暴露浓度分布和物种敏感度分布上的概率法定量表征风险.结果表明,太湖梅梁湾水源地沉积物的多环芳烃中,菲、荧蒽、芘、苯并[a]蒽、屈、苯并[a]芘、二苯并[a,h]蒽7种具有潜在风险;在保护95%的物种水平下,菲的风险最小,而荧蒽和芘风险较高,达20%.健康风险分析表明,美国EPA提出的7种具有遗传毒性的多环芳烃其致癌风险在梅梁湾沉积物中均在10-5水平以下.     

东北四海龙湾玛珥湖年纹层的研究方法及初步成果

位于东北龙岗火山区的四海龙湾玛珥湖沉积物保存有清晰的年纹层,为进行高精度的纹层年代学研究和高分辨率的古气候重建提供了良好的材料。本文对四海龙湾玛珥湖岩芯钻取进行了简要的介绍,详细描述了进行纹层研究的岩相学大薄片的制备过程,并对这些过程中可能出现的操作失误进行了探讨。最后,介绍了四海龙湾玛珥湖年纹层的研究内容和方法以及已经取得的初步成果。     

洪湖营养盐时空分布特征及成因分析

洪湖是江汉平原重要的淡水水体.为了揭示洪湖营养盐时空分布特征和原因,开展了对洪湖为期一年的采样调查,连续采集12个月水样和一次沉积物样品,测定样品中营养盐含量.结果表明:(1)洪湖水体营养盐污染水平较高,除氨氮(NH4+-N)外,总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)和高锰酸盐指数(CODMn)难以达到Ⅱ类.(2)空间上有机物污染...     

Land-cover changes in an urban lake watershed in a mega-city, Central China

Urbanization can exert a profound influence on land covers and landscape characteristics. In this study, we characterize the impact of urbanization on land cover and lacustrine landscape and their consequences in a large urban lake watershed, Donghu Lake watershed (the largest urban lake in China), Central China, by using Landsat TM satellite images of three periods of 1987, 1993 and 1999 and ground-based information. We grouped the land covers into six categories: water body, vegetable land, forested land, shrub-grass land, open area and urban land, and calculated patch-related landscape indices to analyze the effects of urbanization on landscape features. We overlaid the land cover maps of the three periods to track the land cover change processes. The results indicated that urban land continuously expanded from 9.1% of the total watershed area in 1987, to 19.4% in 1993, and to 29.6% in 1999. The vegetable land increased from 7.0% in 1987, 11.9% in 1993, to 13.9% in 1999 to sustain the demands of vegetable for increased urban population. Concurrently, continuous reduction of other land cover types occurred between 1987 and 1999: water body decreased from 30.4% to 23.8%, and forested land from 33.6% to 24.3%. We found that the expansion of urban land has at least in part caused a decrease in relatively wild habitats, such as urban forest and lake water area. These alterations had resulted in significant negative environmental consequences, including decline of lakes, deterioration of water and air quality, and loss of biodiversity.     

PCB Levels and Trends Within the Detroit River-Western Lake Erie Basin: A Historical Perspective of Ecosystem Monitoring

An international workshop held in the spring of 2002 convened a group of technical experts to address monitoring, modeling, and management of PCBs within the Detroit River-Western Lake Erie basin. Participants shared and discussed a diverse set of research data bases pertaining to PCB levels within the region, discussed observed changes within different components of the local ecosystem, and identified several primary issues impacting future PCB management strategies. Results presented at the workshop indicate dramatic reductions in PCB contamination levels have been observed in much of study area between the late 1970s and mid-1990s. Estimates of loadings attributable to water and atmospheric sources have generally declined, as have PCB concentrations in herring gull eggs, smelt and walleye. Nevertheless, additional improvements have not been observed during recent years and elevated contamination levels remain a concern within local hot spots, particularly in the lower Detroit River and Trenton Channel. A primary recommendation broadly supported by workshop participants is the need to maintain, support, and coordinate a comprehensive ecosystem monitoring program for the Detroit River-Western Lake Erie basin, one that incorporates both near-field and far-field monitoring elements. Such a program is crucial to provide necessary data in support of understanding ecosystem trends, calculating annual mass loadings to the system, assessing impacts of remediation actions, developing improved modeling frameworks, and formulating cost-effective management strategies for the future.