矿化垃圾床＋三维电极／电Fenton法处理老龄垃圾渗滤液

提出以二级矿化垃圾床为预处理单元,串联三维电极／电Fenton处理老龄垃圾渗滤液的组合工艺。矿化垃圾床处理后渗滤液中COD、氨氮、总磷、色度的去除率分别为80．55％、88．47％、98．32％和87．53％。通过单因素实验和正交实验,确定了三维电极／电Fenton法最佳工艺条件。经该组合工艺后,渗滤液中COD、氨氮、总磷和色度的最高去除率分别可达97．08％、95．24％、99．55％和96．92％,其中COD、总磷、色度这3个指标低于《生活垃圾填埋场污染控制标准》（GB16889．2008）表2规定的排放标准,为该组合工艺在实际中的应用提供重要理论依据。     

Ti（Ⅳ）催化臭氧／过氧化氢预处理酸性难降解废水

在Ti（Ⅳ）和过氧化氢存在条件下,考察了臭氧化酸性苯乙酮溶液、硝基苯溶液和垃圾渗滤液（浙江衢州某垃圾填埋场）的预处理效能。结果表明,在pH2．86条件下,单独臭氧化处理对苯乙酮、硝基苯和垃圾渗滤液的COD去除率分别为10．1％、44％和28．6％。BOD,／COD值分别从原来的0．039、0．060和0．085提高到了0．130、0．158和0．174,仍属生化难降解废水。当体系加入Ti（Ⅳ）后,臭氧化苯乙酮和硝基苯的COD去除率分别达到了75．5％和65％,BOD;／COD则提高到了0．679和0．314,可生化性提升明显。对于垃圾渗滤液,只有当体系加入Ti（Ⅳ）和H22后,臭氧化COD的去除率达到66．6％,BOD、／COD提高至0．425。上述结果对酸性难降解废水的处理实际意义非常突出。     

改性膨润土作为垃圾渗透液防渗层的实验研究

本文以天然钠基膨润土为原料,采用水溶液聚合法,在室温条件下,通过改性聚丙烯酰胺对膨润土进行直接插层改性,制备了一种新型聚丙烯酰胺改性膨润土防渗材料。以此防渗材料作为防渗层,选用沈阳大辛填埋场的垃圾渗透液为处理对象,在动态实验下,就其对实际垃圾渗滤液中主要污染物去除的有效性和控制垃圾渗滤液渗透的可行性进行研究。抗渗性能测试结果表明,改性膨润土防渗性能较好,渗透系数为1．0×10^-7cm/s,达到固体废物填埋场的防渗材料国家标准1．0×10^-7cm／s的使用要求。改性膨润土防渗层对COD、氨氮、重金属离子去除效果较好,吸附作用较强,COD和氨氮最大去除率分别达到81％和91％,TFe、Zn^2＋和TCr的最大去除率分别达到71％、58％和73％。实验结果验证了本研究所制备的改性膨润土防渗材料具有优良的抗渗、截污性能。     

An Evaluation of Techniques to Control Problem Bird Species on Landfill Sites

Birds feeding on landfill sites cause problems in terms of nuisance to neighbors, flight safety, a threat to public health, and affecting the day to day site operation. A number of control measures exist to deter problem species; however, research into their effectiveness across sites and for multiple species has been limited. We use a modeling approach in order to assess the effectiveness of nine techniques — pyrotechnics, hand-held distress calls, static distress calls, blank ammunition, a combination of blank and lethal use of ammunition, the use of falcons, the use of hawks, wailers and helium-filled bird-scaring kites — at deterring three commonly recorded species — the Black-headed Gull (Larus ridibundus), the Herring Gull (Larus argentatus) and the Lesser Black-backed Gull (Larus fuscus) — from six landfill sites across the United Kingdom. The use of distress calls, falconry, and combinations of lethal and nonlethal use of ammunition were the most effective techniques for initially deterring birds from these sites. However, when habituation is considered, there is a clear difference between techniques such as falconry, which have a lethal aspect and may act to reinforce the deterrence, and the use of techniques such as distress calls, which do not. However there are problems related to legislation and public perception when lethal techniques are used.     

垃圾焚烧飞灰处置与资源化利用研究进展

随着生活垃圾焚烧处理方式的不断推广,焚烧飞灰的产生量也不断增加。按照我国固体废物分类方法,焚烧飞灰属于危险废物,必须进一步处置才能进入填埋场或资源化利用。本文分析了飞灰物理化学特性,论述了常规处置技术（水泥固化、化学药剂稳定化、酸溶剂提取和熔融固化等）存在的问题。将原始飞灰直接应用于水泥、混凝土或路基材料,飞灰中高含量的重金属和盐类会产生新的环境问题。飞灰水洗可以高效去除其中的可溶性盐类,水洗飞灰在焙烧后重金属的浸出浓度远低于原始飞灰烧结后的相应浓度,飞灰水洗-焙烧技术具有很好的应用前景。     

不同物质对垃圾渗滤液中腐殖酸的吸附研究

垃圾渗滤液是一种有毒有害的高浓度有机废水,其中含大量腐殖酸。腐殖酸具有离子交换能力、吸附能力和脱除杂质能力,因此在很多方面有实用价值。活性碳、土壤、堆肥对废水中的有机物有一定的吸附能力。本文采用正交设计的方法,研究了活性碳、土壤、堆肥在不同温度,液／固,腐殖酸初始浓度的条件下对垃圾渗滤液中腐殖酸的吸附效果。实验结果表明：四种实验因素对吸附剂的吸附能力的影响程度为：吸附剂类型〉腐殖酸的初始浓度〉吸附反应温度〉液固比。在温度为25℃,液固比为50／0．5（mL/g）,腐殖酸初始浓度为41．99（mg／L）,吸附剂类型为活性碳时,腐殖酸吸附量最大,为40．86mg。同时分析了响应指标随因素的变化趋势。     

Occurrence of phenols in leachates from municipal solid waste landfill sites in Japan

The concentrations of 41 phenols in leachates from 38 municipal solid waste (MSW) landfill sites in Japan were measured. The main phenols detected in leachates were phenol, three cresols, 4-tert-butylphenol, 4-tertoctylphenol, 4-nonylphenol, bisphenol A, and some chlorophenols. The concentration levels of phenols were affected by the pH values of the leachates and the different types of landfill waste. The origins of phenol and p-cresol were considered to be incineration residues, and the major origin of 4-tert-butylphenol, bisphenol A, and 2,4,6-trichlorophenol was considered to be solidified fly ash. In contrast, the major origins of 4-tert-octylphenol and 4-nonylphenol were considered to be incombustibles. The discharge of leachates to the environment around MSW landfill sites without water treatment facilities can cause environmental pollution by phenols. In particular, the disposal of incineration residues including solidified fly ash and the codisposal of solidified fly ash and incombustibles might raise the possibility of environmental pollution. Moreover, the discharge of leachates at pH values of 9.8 or more could pollute the water environment with phenol. However, phenol, 4-nonylphenol, and bisphenol A can be removed to below the con centration levels that impact the environment around landfill sites by a series of conventional water treatment processes.     

北京某垃圾填埋区空气细菌浓度及粒径分布特征

以北京市某垃圾填埋区中作业区和覆盖区的空气细菌为主要研究对象,研究四个季节空气细菌浓度及粒径分布特征,得出了以下结论:垃圾填埋区作业区空气细菌浓度四季变化特征较覆盖区显著,且空气细菌浓度高于覆盖区。垃圾填埋区作业区和覆盖区四季的空气细菌粒子主要分布在前4级中,且在第Ⅵ级(<1.0μm)中分布比例最小,但分布规律不完全相同。秋季作业区最易感染人体的空气细菌浓度最高。垃圾填埋区作业区和覆盖区空气细菌中值直径最小值均出现在夏季,最大值均出现在冬季。     

预浓缩与GC-MS联用分析垃圾填埋场恶臭气体

采用预浓缩与气相色谱-质谱联用,建立了垃圾填埋场几种恶臭气体的分析方法。该法用SUMMA罐采集垃圾填埋场臭气,经预浓缩系统冷凝浓缩后,用GC-MS分析测定。几种臭气的检出限均低于3.0×10-3mg/m3,经6次重复测定,其相对标准偏差低于10%。该法已用于西安市江村沟垃圾填埋场臭气的采样分析。该法的应用增强了西安市对臭气的监测分析能力。     

徐州市生活垃圾填埋场地下水典型金属污染物研究

在对徐州地区生活垃圾填埋场调查分析的基础上,根据填埋特征和地质状况选取4座典型填埋场为调查对象,采用ICP-MS对垃圾渗滤液及地下水中26种重金属进行监测分析。结果表明,在4个垃圾填埋场地下水及渗滤液中ρ(Sr)均相对较高(700μg/L);地下水中金属元素均正在以Ca,Mg为主向Na,Mg为主转化;地下水中Al,B质量浓度大小顺序为Y场(雁群)S场(睢宁)C场(翠屏山)P场(邳州);4个垃圾填埋场共同典型重金属污染物为Mn,Fe,Zn,Ba;除上述污染物外,Y场地下水潜在典型重金属污染物为Pb和Mo;S场为Mo和As;C场为Tl和Co;P场为As。