基于线性光谱模型的城市不透水面遥感估算

城市不透水面是评估城市生态环境和社会经济的关键指示性因子,对于城市规划和资源管理有着重要意义。本研究以长春市为例,使用2014年Landsat 8影像,基于"植被-不透水面-土壤"理论模型,采用多端元优化的提取方法,依据研究区实际土地覆被特点,选取了高反照度、低反照度、植被、裸土、耕地等五个端元,利用线性光谱模型求算长春市不透水面,利用高分辨率遥感影像高分一号对估算结果进行验证,并对其空间分布格局进行分析。结果表明:基于几何顶点的端元提取方法得到的城市不透水面比例的RMSE为0.126,误差范围在-0.366—0.387,而基于多端元优化提取方法获取结果的RMSE为0.079,误差范围在-0.319—0.265,且超过80%样本的绝对误差小于0.1,精度有显著提升;长春市绕城高速范围内平均城市不透水面比例为47.4%,整体分布呈现"三角形"特征,南部不透水面分布面积明显高于北部区域。从城市外环到内部一环,城市不透水面比例有明显的递增趋势,三环内比例超过66.7%,不透水面分布密集。总体来说,在城市区域尺度上,采用多端元优化提取方法,利用中等空间分辨率多光谱遥感数据提取城市不透水面精度令人满意。     

基于遥感技术的城市污水处理厂热岛效应研究

热岛效应已成为城市化发展中影响局地气候变化的重要因素之一.作为城市必要基础设施的一部分,城市污水处理厂对全球性气候变化的影响受到了广泛关注和研究,而对局地气候变化的影响却鲜有研究.文章首次尝试利用Landsat卫星遥感图像对1995年-2013年间苏州市11座城市污水处理厂进行了热岛效应研究,并对影响因素进行了初步分析.结果发现,11座城市污水处理厂热岛强度在18年间整体上增加了48％;从时间维度上来看,在污水处理厂施工建设或升级改造阶段,热岛强度都偏高.而根据回归分析发现,城市地表平均温度、污水处理厂的施工建设状态和主体处理工艺与WHII具有显著正相关性.     

UV-K_2S_2O_8深度处理亚胺培南生产废水

抗生素生产废水二级生物处理出水通常含部分难降解有机物,若不经处理直接排放,将对环境产生毒害,威胁人类身体健康。紫外光分解过硫酸盐产生SO-4·是一种新型的高级氧化技术。以亚胺培南生产废水二级出水为研究对象,对比了K_2S_2O_8氧化、UV辐射以及UV和K_2S_2O_8联合使用对其处理效果,系统研究了K_2S_2O_8投量、反应pH等因素对UV-K_2S_2O_8深度处理亚胺培南生产废水效果的影响。结果表明UV-K_2S_2O_8耦合是一种有效的去除废水中难降解有机污染物的技术,消除抗生素废水处理过程中存在的脱色不彻底等问题,在最优条件下,对COD去除率可达100%,TOC去除率达94.4%。为抗生素生产废水的深度处理提供技术参考。     

汶川8.0级地震所引发的防震减灾工作启示

1966年邢台地震和2008年汶川8.0级地震,对中国防震减灾事业的方针政策已经产生和正在产生深刻影响。汶川8.0级地震的惨痛教训进一步说明,在地震预报不过关或还不可靠的前提下,震灾预防是减轻地震灾害的最有效途径。汶川地震的灾情和云南省减隔震技术研究应用、农村民居抗震、城中村改造三大工程加速了中国防震减灾结构的调整——应把建构筑物抗震设防摆在更重要的位置。     

Mapping wetlands in the Lower Mekong Basin for wetland resource and conservation management using Landsat ETM images and field survey data

The Mekong River Basin is considered to be the second most species rich river basin in the world. The 795,000 km(2) catchment encompasses several ecoregions, incorporating biodiverse and productive wetland systems. Eighty percent of the rapidly expanding population of the Lower Mekong Basin (LMB), made up in part by Lao PDR, Thailand, Cambodia and Viet Nam, live in rural areas and are heavily reliant on wetland resources. As the populations of Cambodia and Lao PDR will double in the next 20 years, pressure on natural resources and particularly wetlands can only increase. For development planning, resource and conservation management to incorporate wetland issues, information on the distribution and character of Mekong wetlands is essential. The existing but outdated wetland maps were compiled from secondary landuse-landcover data, have limited coverage, poor thematic accuracy and no meta-data. Therefore the Mekong River Commission (MRC) undertook to produce new wetland coverage for the LMB. As resources, funding and regional capacity are limited, it was determined that the method applied should use existing facilities, be easily adaptable, and replicable locally. For the product to be useful it must be accepted by local governments and decision makers. The results must be of acceptable accuracy (>75%) and the methodology should be relatively understandable to non-experts. In the first stage of this exercise, field survey was conducted at five pilot sites covering a range of typical wetland habitats (MRC wetland classification) to supply data for a supervised classification of Landsat ETM images from the existing MRC archive. Images were analysed using ERDAS IMAGINE and applying Maximum Likelihood Classification. Field data were reserved to apply formal accuracy assessment to the final wetland habitat maps, with resulting accuracy ranging from 77 to 94%. The maps produced are now in use at a Provincial and National level in three countries for resource and conservation planning and management applications, including designation of a Ramsar wetland site of international importance.     

Integration of Satellite Imagery and Forest Inventory in Mapping Dominant and Associated Species at a Regional Scale

To achieve the overall objective of restoring natural environment and sustainable resource usability, each forest management practice effect needs to be predicted using a simulation model. Previous simulation efforts were typically confined to public land. Comprehensive forest management practices entail incorporating interactions between public and private land. To make inclusion of private land into management planning feasible at the regional scale, this study uses a new method of combining Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) data with remotely sensed forest group data to retrieve detailed species composition and age information for the Missouri Ozark Highlands. Remote sensed forest group and land form data inferred from topography were integrated to produce distinct combinations (ecotypes). Forest types and size classes were assigned to ecotypes based on their proportions in the FIA data. Then tree species and tree age determined from FIA subplots stratified by forest type and size class were assigned to pixels for the entire study area. The resulting species composition map can improve simulation model performance in that it has spatially explicit and continuous information of dominant and associated species, and tree ages that are unavailable from either satellite imagery or forest inventory data. In addition, the resulting species map revealed that public land and private land in Ozark Highlands differ in species composition and stand size. Shortleaf pine is a co-dominant species in public land, whereas it becomes a minor species in private land. Public forest is older than private forest. Both public and private forests have deviated from historical forest condition in terms of species composition. Based on possible reasons causing the deviation discussed in this study, corresponding management avenues that can assist in restoring natural environment were recommended.     

番茄中8-羟基喹啉铜残留量的液相色谱测定

建立了番茄中8-羟基喹啉铜[Cu(HQ)2]的超声波辅助溶剂提取—反相离子对高效液相色谱法的残留分析方法,该方法使用XBridge C18色谱柱和可变波长紫外检测器,并以水相磷酸盐缓冲溶液—乙腈(体积比为60∶40)作流动相,流速为0.6 ml/min,检测波长为250 nm,保留时间为4.66 min。本方法的线性相关系数为0.998,回收率在76.3%~92.2%内,RSD≤5.5%。方法的检出限为0.06 mg/kg。     

Determination of C(5)-C(12) perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids in river water samples in the Czech Republic by GC-MS after SPE preconcentration

A method employing solid phase extraction followed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry with negative chemical ionization has been developed for determination of ultratrace concentrations of perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids in river water. The effects of the experimental parameters, such as the pH, additions of NaCl and an ion-pairing agent (tetraethylammonium bromide) and the kind of the elution agent, on the efficiency of the test acid extraction have been studied. The analyte extraction recoveries and the limits of detection and determination have been found. The method developed has been tested on determinations of perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids in the waters of the two largest Czech rivers, Vltava and Labe (Elbe). The best extraction results have been attained without any alteration of the sample pH, with an addition of tetrabutylammonium bromide (a concentration of 50 μg mL⁻¹ in the sample) and using methanol as the elution agent. Under these conditions, the recoveries of the test acids in the spiked real samples are within ranges from 60% to 104% and 53% to 111% for analyte concentration levels of 1.40 ng mL⁻¹ and 0.14 ng mL⁻¹, respectively, depending on the lengths of the perfluorinated chains of the acids. In general, the recovery decreases with increasing length of this chain. The method developed exhibits very low limits of detection and determination and the results are fully comparable with those obtained when using more expensive HPLC-MS/MS instrumentation. Typical values amount to tenths to tens of pg mL⁻¹ and units to one hundred pg mL⁻¹ for the limits of detection and determination, respectively; the measuring sensitivity increases with increasing length of the analyte chain. The analyzes of real samples from the Vltava and Elbe rivers have demonstrated that the results obtained are similar to the values published for contamination of the Elbe and other rivers in western and central Europe. The concentrations determined are of the order of units to tens of pg mL⁻¹ and the C₈-C₁₀ acids occur most often.     

Arsenic species analysis in porewaters and sediments using hydride generation atomic fluorescence spectrometry

It was observed that the atomic fluorescence emission due to signal during the determination of As（Ⅲ） in the mixture of As（Ⅲ） and As（V） could has a 10% to 40% of fluorescence emission As（V）. Besides, interferes from heavy metals such as Pb（Ⅱ）, Cu（Ⅱ） can cause severe increase of the signals as compared to the insignificant effects caused by Cd（Ⅱ）, Zn（Ⅱ）, Mn（Ⅱ） and Fe（Ⅲ）. On the basis of further studies, the masking agent of 8-hydroxyquinoline was used as an efficient agent to eliminate interference of As（V） emission and the heavy metal of Cu^2＋ and Pb^2＋ in the measurements of arsenic species, After a series standard additions and CRM researches, a sensitive and interference-free analytical procedure was developed for the speciation of arsenic in samples of porewaters and sediments in Poyang Lake, China.     

汶川8.0级地震都江堰市天然气系统震害分析及救灾过程

四川都江堰市地处龙门山主山前边界大断裂上,在汶川8.0级地震烈度分布图中属于Ⅸ度区,是地震受灾最严重的城市之一。作为城市生命线的天然气供应链在本次地震中遭遇了一定的破坏。通过对都江堰市天然气系统的基本构成、震害情况以及应急救灾过程等的调查与整理,对都江堰燃气系统中门站、CNG加气站、中压配气管网及低压配气支管各组成部分在地震中的震害情况进行了分析,对震后的应急处置措施、供气恢复策略及灾后重建工作进行了综述,总结了汶川地震中都江堰天然气系统的应灾经验及救灾环节中的不足之处,并就如何提高燃气系统的抗震应灾能力提出建议。