数学模拟好氧颗粒污泥的形成及水力剪切强度对颗粒粒径的影响

以生物膜数学模型和活性污泥数学模型为基础,建立好氧颗粒污泥一维数学模型,并模拟营养物质的去除、颗粒粒径变化、反应器周期表现以及好氧颗粒污泥内DO和菌群分布.模拟有机物SS浓度和出水NH4+-N浓度逐渐降低,在大约50 d左右达到稳定,50 d后模拟出水浓度分别<25 mg.L-1和<1.5 mg.L-1.模拟出水NO3--N浓度随着粒径的增加呈现降低趋势.当颗粒粒径由模拟30 d时的1.1 mm增加到100 d时的2.5 mm,颗粒污泥缺氧区面积相应增加,总氮(TN)的去除率由不到10%增加到91%左右,最终模拟出水NO3--N浓度降低到<3 mg.L-1.在好氧颗粒污泥系统内,由于氧气传质阻力,模拟颗粒污泥外层DO浓度高而内层浓度低,颗粒内可以发生同时硝化反硝化,且好氧颗粒污泥内DO特征随时间而发生变化.在好氧初期,好氧颗粒污泥代谢活性高,模拟DO传质深度大约为100～200μm;而在好氧末期,模拟DO传质深度为800μm.模拟自养菌主要分布在DO浓度高的颗粒外层,异养菌分布在整个颗粒.当水力剪切系数kde由0.25(m.d)-1逐渐增加到5(m.d)-1时,模拟颗粒平衡粒径依次由3.5 mm左右减小到大约1.8 mm.在不同水力剪切强度下模拟颗粒污泥生长特征相似,其平衡状态下粒径随曝气强度的增加而减小,可以通过控制曝气强度来控制好氧颗粒污泥的平衡粒径.     

活性污泥颗粒化过程中理化性状及脱氮性能的研究

在SBR反应器中对活性污泥进行颗粒化培养,研究了活性污泥在颗粒化过程中的理化性状及脱氮性能.结果表明,活性污泥颗粒化过程可以分为颗粒形成、颗粒生长和颗粒成熟3个阶段.第1阶段SVI值迅速降低,在30 d内由接种时的110mL/g降低到23 mL/g;第2阶段颗粒粒径迅速增加,在15 d内由0.25 mm增加到0.82 ...     

颗粒粒径与数量对硝化与反硝化过程的影响

以实验为基础,建立了一个基于多底物的多种微生物生长、维持和衰减过程的好氧硝化颗粒SBR反应器一维动力学模型,分析了颗粒粒径及数量对硝化、反硝化等过程的影响.研究发现,在相同生物量条件下,氨氮的消耗随颗粒的数量增加而增加,表明氨氮的消耗主要与NH4+-N和颗粒接触表面有关.同时,系统中所产生的NO2--N及NO3--N与颗粒数量和粒径有密切关系,而在NH4+-N不足时才只与数量有关,表明DO对颗粒的渗透决定NO2--N及NO3--N的产生.就反硝化过程而言,当粒径>1 000μm时反硝化会随粒径的增加而加强,而小于该值时,虽然反硝化也会发生但与颗粒粒径关系不大,表明颗粒粒径>1 000μm时粒径对DO的扩散限制才会明显从而加强反硝化过程.     

国Ⅴ公交车燃用生物柴油的颗粒物碳质组分排放特性

以一辆国Ⅴ柴油公交车为研究对象,在重型底盘测功机上运行中国典型城市公交循环,研究了纯柴油（D100）,体积混合比例分别为5%,10%和20%餐厨废弃油脂制生物柴油-柴油混合燃料（即B5,B10,B20）的颗粒物（PM）碳质组分排放特性.结果表明：国Ⅴ柴油公交车尾气颗粒物碳质组分包括有机碳（OC）和元素碳（EC）,OC占73%~82%,OC的主要组分是OC2和OC3,生物柴油对车辆尾气颗粒物OC组成比例没有影响;随着生物柴油混合比例的增加,公交车尾气颗粒物OC和OC+EC排放呈降低的趋势,EC排放增加,且B10的OC排放较高;PM_0.05~0.1,PM_0.1~0.5,PM_0.5~2.5,PM_2.5~18 4个粒径段颗粒物中,PM_0.1~0.5的OC和EC排放最高,PM_2.5~18的EC排放几乎为零,生物柴油可改善公交车尾气超细颗粒（PM_0.05~0.1）的OC排放,对公交尾气颗粒物EC排放基本没有影响;公交使用生物柴油混合燃料尾气颗粒物OC/EC减小,且PM_0.05~0.1和PM_0.5~2.5OC/EC降低幅度明显,对大气二次气溶胶的影响减弱.     

Degradation of micropolluants in flow-through VUV/UV/H2O2 reactors: Effects of H2O2 dosage and reactor internal diameter

The degradation of atrazine (ATZ), sulfamethoxazole (SMX) and metoprolol (MET) in flow-through VUV/UV/H₂O₂ reactors was investigated with a focus on the effects of H₂O₂ dosage and reactor internal diameter (ID). Results showed that the micropollutants were degraded efficiently in the flow-through VUV/UV/H₂O₂ reactors following the pseudo first-order kinetics (R² > 0.92). However, the steady-state assumption (SSA) kinetic model being vital in batch reactors was found invalid in flow-through reactors where fluid mixing was less sufficient. With the increase of H₂O₂ dosage, the ATZ removal efficiency remained almost constant while the SMX and MET removal was enhanced to different extents, which could be explained by the different reactivities of the pollutants towards HO^?. A larger reactor ID resulted in lower degradation rate constants for all the three pollutants on account of the lower average fluence rate, but the change in energy efficiency was much more complicated. In reality, the electrical energy per order (E_EO) of the investigated VUV/UV/H₂O₂ treatments ranged between 0.14–0.20, 0.07–0.14 and 0.09–0.26 kWh/m³/order for ATZ, SMX and MET, respectively, with the lowest E_EO for each pollutant obtained under varied H₂O₂ dosages and reactor IDs. This study has demonstrated the efficiency of VUV/UV/H₂O₂ process for micropollutant removal and the inadequacy of the SSA model in flow-through reactors, and elaborated the influential mechanisms of H₂O₂ dosage and reactor ID on the reactor performances.     

火炮身管内径检测方法研究

火炮身管技术状态,关系到火炮发射的精度以及火炮寿命状态等关键技术指标.以火炮内膛径向磨损量作为判别火炮身管寿命的方法,介绍了几种国内外典型的火炮内径测量仪器的结构、原理及工作过程.对比分析了它们的测量范围、精度等相关技术指标,并根据可操作性、适用场合等,综合阐述了它们的优缺点.最后根据部队的实际需求,提出了未来适合部队...     

废弃电路板湿法破碎与分选回收金属研究

为了有效破碎废弃印刷电路板,解决冲击破碎过程中气味和粉尘的二次污染问题,采用以水为介质的湿法冲击式破碎机对废弃电路板进行破碎实验研究。破碎后废弃电路板颗粒的粒度分布是以-1+0.5mm和-0.074mm粒度区间的双峰为特征的。根据电路板金属和非金属选择性分布的特性,建立了电路板破碎产物粒度分布的双峰分布函数,应用Origin7.0软件对破碎产物的双峰分布函数进行非线性拟合,相关系数R2均大于0.999,且残差E值较小。采用变径水介质分选床对破碎至-1mm粒级的废弃电路板物料进行了金属回收的实验研究,结果表明,在水流量5.5m3/h,给料速率250g/min,倾斜度为35°条件下,可获得93.92%的综合效率和93.73%的回收率。论文提出了废弃电路板"湿法冲击破碎+分级+变径分选"回收金属的创新性工艺。     

准好氧填埋工艺中通气管径对垃圾填埋气(LFG)影响研究及空气热力学计算

针对我国土地资源有限、垃圾产生量大的特点,准好氧填埋工艺逐渐成为中小型城市治理固体废物污染的首选技术.该工艺中,进入填埋堆体的空气量对垃圾填埋气(LFG)的产生及组分有重要的影响.为了确定准好氧填埋结构中竖直导气管与渗滤液导排主管直径的合理比例,在涿州市生活垃圾处理场建立了中试装置进行模拟准好氧填埋试验,并设置了直径分...     

Research on the critical temperature of thermal decomposition for large cartridge emulsion explosives

Emulsion explosives are one type of main industrial explosives. The emergence of the large cartridge emulsion explosives has brought new security incidents. The differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) and the accelerating rate calorimeter (ARC) were selected for the preliminary investigation of the thermal stability of emulsion explosives. The results showed that the initial thermal decomposition temperatures were in the range of 232–239 °C in nitrogen atmosphere (220–232 °C in oxygen atmosphere) in DSC measurements and 216 °C in ARC measurements. The slow cook-off experiments were carried out to investigate the critical temperature of the thermal decomposition (T_c) of the large cartridge emulsion explosives. The results indicated that the larger the diameter of the emulsion explosives, the smaller the T_c is. For the large cartridge emulsion explosives with diameter of 70 mm, the T_c was 170 °C at the heating rate of 3 °C h⁻¹. It is a dangerous temperature for the production of the large cartridge emulsion explosives and it should cause our attention.     

Optimisation of rainwater tank design from large roofs: A case study in Melbourne, Australia

Rainwater tanks for larger roof areas need optimisation of tank size, which is often not carried out before installation of these tanks. This paper presents a case study of rainwater tank evaluation and design for large roof areas, located in Melbourne, Australia, based on observed daily rainfall data representing three different climatic regimes (i.e. dry average, and wet years). With the aim of developing a comprehensive Decision Support Tool for the performance analysis and design of rainwater tanks, a simple spreadsheet based daily water balance model is developed using daily rainfall data, contributing roof area, rainfall loss factor, available storage volume, tank overflow and irrigation water demand. In this case study, two (185 m³ and 110 m³) underground rainwater tanks are considered. Using the developed model, effectiveness of each tank under different climatic scenarios are assessed. The analysis shows that both the tanks are quite effective in wet and average years, however less effective in dry years. A payback period analysis of the tanks is preformed which reveals that the total construction cost of the tanks can be recovered within 15-21 years time depending on tank size, climatic conditions and future water price increase rates. For the tanks, a relationship between water price increase rates and payback periods is developed. The study highlights the need for detailed optimisation and financial analysis for large rainwater tanks to maximise the benefits.