大气气溶胶粒子数密度和质量浓度的测量

介绍了光学测量技术在环境监测中的应用,利用多元回归方法分析了大气气溶胶数密度和质量浓度的相关性。运用该技术和方法对北京地区2月份大气气溶胶不同粒径段的粒子数密度与质量浓度进行了测量和相关性分析,得出了利用粒子数密度谱获取颗粒物(PM10)质量浓度谱的经验公式,并对公式进行了实验验证,以期对北京市大气污染总量控制方案及对策提供科学依据。     

Adsorption of phenolic compounds from aqueous solutions by aminated hypercrosslinked polymers

Two novel polymers （NJ-1 and N J-2） were synthesized by chemically modified a hypercrosslinked polymer NJ-0 with dimethylamine and trimethylamine, respectively. The comparison of the adsorption properties of the three polymers toward phenol, resorcin and phloroglucin was made. The study focused on the static equilibrium adsorption behaviors and the adsorption thermodynamics. Freundlich equation was found to fit the adsorption results well. The effect of amino groups introduced onto the surface of the resin and the structure of phenolic compounds on the adsorption were also studied. The hydrogen-bonding interaction and electrostatic interaction could happen between the amino groups and the adsorbates. The adsorption impetus increased as quantity of hydroxyl groups increased, but the adsorption capacity decreased due to the drop of the matching degree of the aperture of resins and the diameter of adsorbate molecules.     

喷泉产生的细菌气溶胶空间分布特性

为阐明喷泉产生的细菌气溶胶空间分布特性,利用大肠杆菌NK5449作为试验菌株,通过喷泉喷洒试验,使用安德森六级空气采样器采集喷泉周围空间的细菌气溶胶,研究各级细菌气溶胶的浓度和粒径分布特征和变化规律,并分析其与液滴直径的相关性.结果表明,在高度0.75~1.75 m,距离喷头0.5~3 m的范围内,细菌气溶胶总浓度在(38±15)~(676±92)CFU·m-3之间,并随着高度的增加和与喷头之间水平距离的增大而逐渐降低,且与液滴直径呈显著负相关(P0.05);随着与喷头水平距离的增大,粒径大于4.7μm的细菌气溶胶粒子所占比例出现先降后升的变化趋势;而粒径在2.1~4.7μm之间的粒子所占比例则是先升后降.与喷头水平距离0.5 m以外的各点,细菌气溶胶粒子的粒径大都集中在1.1~4.7μm范围内.距离喷泉较远处的人吸入小粒径细菌气溶胶的风险不容忽视.     

兰州市大气主要污染物环境与健康风险评价

为了解兰州市大气污染现状,评价其环境质量和健康风险,选择兰州市污染较重的西固区和污染较轻的榆中县为研究区域,定位监测并分析颗粒物、SO₂和NO_x等大气主要污染物的分布特征,采用环境空气质量指数法评价兰州市大气污染现状,重点分析颗粒物的构成特征和健康风险. 结果表明:兰州市大气污染物分布呈明显的季节性、区域性特点;大气颗粒物MMD(质量中值直径)在3.2~7.9 μm之间,属细颗粒型;西固区环境空气质量指数及污染水平普遍高于榆中县,其中位于西固区的西固第二小学采样点污染较为严重,污染水平为五级,需要采取控制措施;兰州市15 m大气高度PM₁₀的健康风险高于30和1.5 m,兰州市PM_2.5和PM₁₀的健康风险属于可接受风险范围.      

大型蚤急性毒性试验在工业污染源监测中的应用研究

对铁岭市 32家有代表性的企业所排放的废水进行大型蚤急性毒性试验。探讨了生物急性毒性试验在污染源监测中的地位与作用。提出了以急性毒性试验数据为依据 ,来控制工业污染源的排放量及以此数据作为征收排污费的科学性     

武汉市巡司河中抗生素分布特征及生态风险评价

采用大体积直接进样—超高效液相色谱串联质谱法分析武汉市巡司河中45种抗生素的存在水平,评估其可能存在的生态风险。在巡司河布设6个采样点,于2022年12月—2023年5月进行采样并分析。结果显示,6个采样点共检出27种抗生素,检出最大质量浓度为874.2 ng/L;其中,氧氟沙星、左氧氟沙星检出率均为100%。监测期间,12月抗生素平均质量浓度最高（101.05 ng/L）,4月最低（25.87 ng/L）。6个点位中,点位S3与S5抗生素平均质量浓度高于其他点位,分别为1 721.20和1 734.07 ng/L;点位S4是巡司河与长江的交汇处,抗生素平均质量浓度最低（94.54 ng/L）。利用风险商值法对巡司河中抗生素生态风险开展评价,结果表明：氧氟沙星、罗红霉素和克拉霉素呈现出较高风险,左氧氟沙星、林可霉素和莫西沙星在大多数点位处于中等风险,其余几种抗生素风险较低。     

Effects of red light camera enforcement on fatal crashes in large U.S. cities

Objective

To estimate the effects of red light camera enforcement on per capita fatal crash rates at intersections with signal lights.

Methods

From the 99 large U.S. cities with more than 200,000 residents in 2008, 14 cities were identified with red light camera enforcement programs for all of 2004-2008 but not at any time during 1992-1996, and 48 cities were identified without camera programs during either period. Analyses compared the citywide per capita rate of fatal red light running crashes and the citywide per capita rate of all fatal crashes at signalized intersections during the two study periods, and rate changes then were compared for cities with and without cameras programs. Poisson regression was used to model crash rates as a function of red light camera enforcement, land area, and population density.

Results

The average annual rate of fatal red light running crashes declined for both study groups, but the decline was larger for cities with red light camera enforcement programs than for cities without camera programs (35% vs. 14%). The average annual rate of all fatal crashes at signalized intersections decreased by 14% for cities with camera programs and increased slightly (2%) for cities without cameras. After controlling for population density and land area, the rate of fatal red light running crashes during 2004-2008 for cities with camera programs was an estimated 24% lower than what would have been expected without cameras. The rate of all fatal crashes at signalized intersections during 2004-2008 for cities with camera programs was an estimated 17% lower than what would have been expected without cameras.

Conclusions

Red light camera enforcement programs were associated with a statistically significant reduction in the citywide rate of fatal red light running crashes and a smaller but still significant reduction in the rate of all fatal crashes at signalized intersections.

Impact on Industry

The study adds to the large body of evidence that red light camera enforcement can prevent the most serious crashes. Communities seeking to reduce crashes at intersections should consider this evidence.     

塔里木盆地气溶胶粒度分布研究

使用Series 210收集了塔里木盆地内6个不同地点的气溶胶,获取了该地区气溶胶的粒度分布,并计算了对应的气溶胶数量中位直径。研究发现:在自然情况下,气溶胶分布遵循双峰分布的规律,其中第一峰值通常出现在0.5μm附近,第二峰值出现在3μm附近;由于采样点的气象条件、地表情况等差异所致,不同采样地点的峰位和峰面积有一定的差异;各采样点气溶胶分布规律显示,绝大多数气溶胶粒子粒径小于1μm。自然条件下,大多数采样点气溶胶粒子数量中位直径小于1μm。     

Pipeline design for a least-cost router application for CO2 transport in the CO2 sequestration cycle

CO₂ capture and geological storage (CCS) is considered as a viable option to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions during the transition phase towards the use of clean and renewable energy. This paper concentrates on the transport of CO₂ between source (CO₂ capture at plants) and sink (geological storage reservoirs). In the cost estimation of CO₂ transport, the pipeline diameter plays an important role. In this respect, the paper reviews equations that were used in several reports on CO₂ pipeline transport. As some parameters are not taken into account in these equations, alternative formulas are proposed which calculate the proper inner diameter size based on flow rate, pressure drop per unit length, CO₂ density, CO₂ viscosity, pipeline material roughness and topographic height differences (the Darcy–Weisbach solution) and, in addition, on the amount and type of bends (the Manning solution). Comparison between calculated diameters using the reviewed and the proposed equations demonstrate the important influence of elevation difference (which is not considered in the reviewed equations) and pipeline material roughness-related factor on the calculated diameter. Concerning the latter, it is suggested that a Darcy–Weisbach roughness height of 0.045 mm better corresponds to a Manning factor of 0.009 than higher Manning values previously proposed in literature. Comparison with the actual diameter of the Weyburn pipeline confirms the accuracy of the proposed equations. Comparison with other existing CO₂ pipelines (without pressure information) indicate that the pipelines are designed for lower pressure gradients than 25 Pa/m or for (future) higher flow rates. The proposed Manning equation is implemented in an economic least-cost route planner in order to obtain the best economic solution for pipeline trajectory and corresponding diameter.     

Perceptions of Wood in Rivers and Challenges for Stream Restoration in the United States

This article reports a study of the public perception of large wood in rivers and streams in the United States. Large wood is an element of freshwater aquatic ecosystems that has attracted much scientific interest in recent years because of its value in biological and geomorphological processes. At the heart of the issue is the nature of the relationship between scientific recognition of the ecological and geomorphological benefits of wood in rivers, management practices utilizing wood for river remediation progress, and public perceptions of in-channel wood. Surveys of students’ perceptions of riverscapes with and without large wood in the states of Colorado, Connecticut, Georgia, Illinois, Iowa, Missouri, Oregon, and Texas suggest that many individuals in the United States adhere to traditionally negative views of wood. Except for students in Oregon, most respondents considered photographs of riverscapes with wood to be less aesthetically pleasing and needing more improvement than rivers without wood. Analysis of reasons given for improvement needs suggest that Oregon students are concerned with improving channels without wood for fauna habitat, whereas respondents elsewhere focused on the need for cleaning wood-rich channels for flood risk management. These results underscore the importance of public education to increase awareness of the geomorphological and ecological significance of wood in stream systems. This awareness should foster more positive attitudes toward wood. An integrated program of research, education, and policy is advocated to bridge the gap between scientific knowledge and public perception for effective management and restoration of river systems with wood.