染料中铅的测定

硝酸和双氧水进行消解 ,用石墨炉原子吸收光度法测定染料中的铅。     

Comparison study and parameter identification of three battery models for an off-grid photovoltaic system

There is growing interest in solar batteries, especially for photovoltaic (PV) applications. Therefore, an accurate battery model is required for the PV system because of its influence on system efficiency. Several mathematical models of batteries have been described in the scientific literature. However, this paper reviews three electrochemical models most commonly used for PV systems, such as Shepherd, Manegon and Coppetti, in order to define the most appropriate model for PV systems. This paper discusses an application of the pattern search optimization technique to extract the parameters of three battery models derived from experimental test results obtained from sealed gelled lead acid batteries for both charge and discharge modes. A comparative case and regression analysis based on statistical tests and a quantitative method were conducted to demonstrate the effectiveness and accuracy of the updated model from the three aforementioned. The simulation results and tests performed on the battery charge and discharge modes lead us as well to approve the algorithm’s accuracy regarding the updated model.     

Natural and anthropogenic sources of lead, zinc, and nickel in sediments of Lake Izabal, Guatemala

Sediments in Lake Izabal, Guatemala, contain substantial lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), and nickel (Ni). The lack of historical data for heavy metal concentrations in the sediments makes it difficult to determine the sources or evaluate whether inputs of metals to the lake have changed through time. We measured the relative abundances and concentrations of Pb, Zn, and Ni by X-Ray Fluorescence core scanning and by Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry in three sediment cores to explore stratigraphic distributions of metals in the lake deposits. High amounts of Pb and Zn in the core taken near the Polochic Delta suggest that galena and sphalerite mining increased Pb and Zn delivery to Lake Izabal between ~1945 and 1965 CE. An up-core Ni increase in the core taken near a different mine on the north shore of Lake Izabal suggests that recent nickel mining operations led to an increase in Ni concentrations in the local sediments, but amounts in the other cores indicate that Ni is not widely distributed throughout the lake. Sediment cores from Lake Izabal are reliable recorders of heavy metal input to the lake, and were measured to establish background metal levels, which would otherwise be unavailable. Concentrations of Pb, Zn, and Ni in older, pre-20th-century Lake Izabal sediments reflect input from natural erosion of bedrock. Our results provide previously unavailable estimates of background metal concentrations in Lake Izabal before the onset of mining. These results are necessary for future monitoring related to mining contamination of the lake ecosystem.     

随机应用下的锂离子电池剩余寿命预测

目的为模拟海洋工程与水下科考装备电池的真实使用情况,进行随机电流放电下的锂离子电池老化实验,通过高斯过程回归模型进行电池剩余寿命预测。方法从数据驱动方法中选取具备不确定性表达能力的高斯过程回归模型,选定核函数后通过训练数据来优化超参数建立预测模型。用随机应用下的电池充放电循环实验数据验证预测结果。结果与SE核函数相比,基于Matern核函数的模型预测效果更优。训练数据越多,预测起始点越大,模型预测绝对误差越小、MAPE与RMSE值更低。对两种不同实验温度、不同随机电流放电模式下的三组电池,模型预测绝对误差大多在40 cycle内,MAPE与RMSE值分别低于0.06、0.09,均能实现准确剩余寿命预测。结论对于随机应用下的锂离子电池剩余寿命预测,高斯过程回归模型具备高精度与适用性。     

福建省茶园土壤-茶叶的铅含量及铅同位素示踪

运用微波消解-电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS)分析了福建省内9个市县的茶园土壤和茶叶的铅含量及铅同位素组成,评价铅污染情况并解析铅来源。结果表明,茶园土壤和茶叶的铅含量分别为23.00±0.099~55.43±0.032 mg/kg和0.53±0.126~1.47±0.058 mg/kg,地质累积指数法表明茶园土壤基本为无污染,单项因子指数法表明茶叶均为安全等级。茶园土壤和茶叶铅同位素组成具有区域性,茶叶铅同位素组成相对于茶园土壤具有较低的206Pb/207Pb和206Pb/208Pb。结合铅含量相关性分析和铅同位素示踪分析,福建省茶叶铅主要来源于茶园土壤和大气。福建省茶叶铅同位素组成的同地相似性和异地差异性特征可为茶叶产地溯源和鉴别提供一定的科学依据和参考价值。     

低压环境对锂电池热失控释放温度影响

为研究锂电池在民航飞行低压特殊环境的安全性及发生热失控灾害后的高温危险性,通过可模拟飞行变动条件的动压变温实验舱开展系列实验,研究锂电池在不同低压环境下的（101,60,30 kPa）多节18650型锂离子电池热失控温度特性,采集电池池体温度及热失控喷射释放温度等参数。研究结果表明:随环境压力降低,圆柱锂电池间的热失控传播并不能被阻断,但锂电池热失控灾害所释放产生的高温区域减少,且高温持续时间变短,释放所产生温度的高温危险性随环境压力的降低而有所降低。     

18650型锂离子电池燃烧特性及火灾危险性评估

为评估18650型锂离子电池的火灾危险性,以3种不同品牌的商品三元18650型锂离子电池为研究对象,采用锥形量热仪在不同辐射热和荷电状态下对3种电池进行了燃烧试验,分析了电池的热释放参数、烟参数、毒性参数和质量损失参数。并在试验的基础上构建了锂离子电池火灾危险性综合评估指标体系,计算了这3种电池在辐射热35kW/m^2及品牌1的18650型锂离子电池在25 kW/m^2条件下的火灾危险指数。结果表明:电池的热参数和毒性参数随电池荷电状态(SOC)和辐射热增大而增大,满电状态下的品牌1电池在辐射热为50 kW/m^2、35 kW/m^2和25 kW/m^2时的热释放速率峰值分别为9.23 kW、8.64 kW和6.26 kW;生烟量随电池SOC和辐射热增大而减小;综合评估得出了3种电池的火灾危险性。     

酸浸—萃取—沉淀法回收废锂离子电池中的钴

采用酸浸—萃取—沉淀法回收废锂离子电池中的钴。实验结果表明:废锂离子电池在600℃下煅烧5 h可将正极材料上的有机黏结剂与正极活性物质分离;正极活性物质在Na OH溶液浓度为2.0 mol/L、n(Na OH)∶n(铝)=2.5、碱浸温度为20℃的条件下碱浸反应1 h后,铝浸出率达99.7%;已除铝的正极活性物质在硫酸浓度为2.5 mol/L、H_2O_2质量浓度为7.25 g/L、液固比为10、酸浸温度为85℃的条件下酸浸反应120 min,钴浸出率高达98.0%;酸浸液在p H为3.5、萃取剂P507与Cyanex272体积比为1∶1的条件下,经2级萃取,钴萃取率为95.5%;采用H_2SO_4溶液反萃后在硫化钠质量浓度为8 g/L、反萃液p H为4的条件下沉淀反应10 min,钴沉淀率达99.9%。     

基于蒙特卡罗方法的铅酸蓄电池厂土壤健康风险评价

以土壤中的风险指标(Pb,Cd,As)为研究对象,将蒙特卡罗模拟方法应用到某铅酸蓄电池厂土壤重金属的健康风险评价中,解决了土壤重金属影响人体健康风险的不确定性问题。结果表明,土壤中Pb对成人不存在非致癌风险,对儿童存在非致癌风险;土壤中Cd,As对成人、儿童都不存在致癌风险;影响Pb,Cd和As进入人体单位体重的致癌、非致癌风险水平大小的主要因素为土壤重金属浓度。研究结果在一定程度上可为铅酸蓄电池厂土壤不确定性健康风险评价提供参考依据。     

废干电池中镍的分布及其含量研究

在实验室条件下,对国产50个品牌80种废干电池中镍的分布及含量进行了研究。结果表明,95%的废干电池含有金属镍,其中碱性废干电池的镍主要分布在外皮(壳)和外底片,碳性废干电池主要分布在金属帽中,钮扣式废干电池分布在正极壳和负极盖。废干电池中镍的质量分数在1%~8.4%之间,平均质量分数为2.4%。废干电池的碳粉中不含镍。