锌锰电池正极材料净化模拟废水中磷的研究

研究利用废旧锌锰电池的阳极材料净化模拟废水中的磷,探讨了净化过程中pH、吸附剂用量、反应时间和磷初始浓度等操作条件对磷净化效果的影响,找出了适宜的操作条件并对净化过程的机理进行了分析。通过试验发现pH对磷净化过程有显著影响,含磷废水净化过程中适宜的pH为8.0;随着吸附剂加入量的增加和初始溶液的降低,磷的净化率逐渐增加。锌锰电池正极材料对水中磷的净化过程速度较快,5 min即可使磷的吸附率达到93.41%。对平衡吸附容量数据进行回归分析发现磷净化过程的吸附等温线可以用Langmuir方程和Freundlich方程表示,Langmuir方程参数Q0为12.41 mg/g,Freundlich方程参数n为2.927,用不同的动力学模型对试验数据进行回归分析发现吸附剂对水中磷的吸附过程符合假二级模型。锌锰电池正极材料可以有效净化废水中的磷。     

退役三元锂电池循环利用系统减碳效率评估及优化分析

随着我国新能源汽车产业的快速发展,大批动力电池进入退役期.针对退役动力电池循环利用现状,识别降本减碳协同效应并开展系统优化分析,成为重要研究课题.本文综合采用生命周期评价和生命周期成本方法,分析了当前我国退役三元锂电池循环利用系统的碳足迹和经济成本.结果表明,1GWh容量的退役三元锂电池循环利用系统碳足迹和生命周期成本分别为-2.33×10⁷kgCO₂eq和-33613.15万元.结合碳足迹和生命周期成本二维指标开展减碳效率评估和情景分析发现,相对于现实系统,汽车生产商主导的优化情景减碳效率较低,提高梯次利用比例的优化情景具有最优减碳效率.通过提高梯次利用比例和采用先进资源化技术均能够显著提升退役三元锂电池循环利用系统的减碳效率.     

Effects of co-exposure to lead and manganese on learning and memory deficits

Lead (Pb) and manganese (Mn) are common neurotoxins. However, individuals are subject to co-exposures in real life, and it is therefore important to study these metals in combination. Weaning Sprague-Dawley rats were given ad libitum access to drinking water solutions containing Pb (100 mg/L), Mn (2.5 mg/mL) or a mixture, and each treatment had its own minocycline (50 mg/(kg•day)) supplement group. The results showed a significant difference in spatial memory and induction levels of hippocampal long-term potentiation (LTP) in all exposure groups when compared with controls. The combined-exposure group exhibited the most pronounced effect when compared with each of the single-metal exposure groups. Microglia displayed activation at day 3 after exposure alone or in combination, while astrocytes showed activation at day 5, accompanied by decreased expression levels of GLAST, GLT-1, and GS. Furthermore, the levels of glutamate in the synaptic cleft increased significantly. When microglial activation was inhibited by minocycline, the activation of astrocytes and the expression of GLAST, GLT-1, and GS were both reversed. In addition, upon minocycline treatment, hippocampal LTP impairment and cognitive injury were significantly alleviated in each of the exposure groups. These results suggest that combined exposure to Pb and Mn can cause greater effects on cognition and synaptic plasticity when compared to single-metal exposure groups. The reason may involve abnormal activation of microglia leading to excessive regulation of astrocytes, resulting in glutamate reuptake dysfunction in astrocytes and leading to perturbed cognition and synaptic plasticity.     

Screening hydroxyapatite for cadmium and lead immobilization in aqueous solution and contaminated soil: The role of surface area

Hydroxyapatite (HAP) has been widely used to immobilize many cationic metals in water and soils. The specific reason why an increase in the surface area of HAP enhances cadmium (Cd) uptake, but has no effect on lead (Pb) uptake, is not clear. The aim of this study was to determine the factors causing the differences in sorption behavior between Cd and Pb by evaluating HAPs with different surface areas. We synthesized HAPs with two different surface areas, which were characterized by X-ray diffraction, N₂ adsorption, and scanning electron microscopy, and then evaluated them as sorbents for Cd and Pb removal by testing in single and binary systems. The sorption capacity of large surface area HAP (1.85 mmol/g) for Cd in the single-metal system was higher than that of small surface area HAP (0.64 mmol/g), but there were no differences between single- and binary-metal solutions containing Pb. After the Cd experiments, the HAP retained a stable structure and intact morphology, which promotes the accessibility of reactive sites for Cd. However, a newly formed precipitate covered the surface and blocked the channels in the presence of Pb, which reduced the number of potential adsorption sites on HAP for Cd and Pb. Remediation experiments using Cd- and Pb-contaminated soil produced similar results to the solution tests. These results indicate that alterations of the structure and morphology during the reaction is an important factor influencing metal sorption to HAP.     

A review of hazards associated with primary lithium and lithium-ion batteries

Primary lithium batteries contain hazardous materials such as lithium metal and flammable solvents, which can lead to exothermic activity and runaway reactions above a defined temperature. Lithium-ion batteries operating outside the safe envelope can also lead to formation of lithium metal and thermal runaway. Despite protection by battery safety mechanisms, fires originating from primary lithium and lithium-ion batteries are a relatively frequent occurrence.This paper reviews the hazards associated with primary lithium and lithium-ion cells, with an emphasis on the role played by chemistry at individual cell level. Safety mechanisms to prevent the occurrence and limit the consequences of incidents are reviewed, together with safety tests to monitor compliance with battery safety regulations and standards. Incident information from news accounts and open literature sources are reviewed to extract causal information.It is concluded that the potential severity of incidents during storage, transport and recycling of waste batteries can be significantly higher than in end-use applications. Safe storage, packaging and labelling practices, as well as communication among the parties involved, are essential to ensure safety across the battery lifecycle. It is recommended that a database of lithium battery incidents would be valuable to improve the evidence base for informing accident prevention measures.     

Adsorptive removal of Cd(II) and Pb(II) ions from aqueous solutions by using Turkish illitic clay

The ability of Turkish illitic clay (TIC) in removal of Cd(II) and Pb(II) ions from aqueous solutions has been examined in a batch adsorption process with respect to several experimental conditions including initial solution pH, contact time, initial metal ions concentration, temperature, ionic strength, and TIC concentration, etc. The characterization of TIC was performed by using FTIR, XRD and XRF techniques. The maximum uptake of Cd(II) (11.25 mg g⁻¹) and Pb(II) (238.98 mg g⁻¹) was observed when used 1.0 g L⁻¹ of TIC suspension, 50 mg L⁻¹ of initial Cd(II) and 250 mg L⁻¹ of initial Pb(II) concentration at initial pH 4.0 and contact time of 240 min at room temperature. The experimental data were analyzed by the Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin and Dubinin Radushkevich (D-R) isotherm models. The monolayer adsorption capacity of TIC was found to be 13.09 mg g⁻¹ and 53.76 mg g⁻¹ for Cd(II) and Pb(II) ions, respectively. The kinetics of the adsorption was tested using pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order, Elovich and intraparticle diffusion models. The results showed that the adsorption of Cd(II) and Pb(II) ions onto TIC proceeds according to the pseudo-second-order model. Thermodynamic parameters including the Gibbs free energy (ΔG), enthalpy (ΔH), and entropy (ΔS) changes indicated that the present adsorption process was feasible, spontaneous and endothermic in the temperature range of 5–40 °C.     

Li-ion battery recycling and cobalt flow analysis in Japan

Batteries sometimes contain precious or toxic substances (e.g. nickel, cobalt, lead, mercury, cadmium). However, the collection and recycling rate of small batteries were low in Japan.We focus on cobalt in lithium ion (Li-ion) batteries and conduct chemical analysis, questioner survey and flow analysis in Japan.Results of chemical analysis showed that the concentration of cobalt in Li-ion batteries was around 20% regardless of the year manufactured or the manufacturer. As a result of the consumer questionnaire survey, it became clear that 70% or more of the small batteries are not being removed when small electronic products are finally disposed. The survey also revealed that recognition of the law and system for collection and recycling of small rechargeable batteries is approximately 30–40%. Substance flow analysis showed that both production and demand for Li-ion batteries (cobalt) have increased during 2002–2010. The collection rate for used Li-ion batteries was about 10% during this period; uncollected batteries were either stored or disposed through incineration and landfill as municipal solid waste.     

Assessing the potential for lead release from road dusts and soils

Lead release from several soil and road dust samples -- obtained from various locations in the London Borough of Greenwich -- has been investigated as a function of acid and chloride addition. The work shows that lead retention in dust samples is primarily dependent upon buffer capacity, which in turn appears to be related to carbonate content. The continuing addition of acid eventually overcomes the buffer capacity of the system. At this point lead is rapidly released. For the soils investigated buffer capacities appear to be small and in these cases lead is readily released. The supplementary addition of chloride to the samples can have contrary effects upon release. For the dust samples chloride enhances lead release due, presumably, to the formation of chloro--lead complexes. However for one soil sample chloride hinders lead release possibly by binding anionic chloro--lead complexes to anionic exchange sites formed by the protonation of surface hydroxyl groups in the soil matrix.     

Influence of complexation on lead(II) and cadmium(II) percolation through a clay liner

Wastes are usually stocked in waste disposals without any pre-treatment. Runoff waters lead to the formation of leachates containing mineral and organic pollutants. In order to prevent groundwater contamination, a double barrier is placed on the landfill bottom. The first one is an active barrier made up of a draining system and a geomembrane, and the second one, consisting of a clay liner allowing pollutant retention, is considered as a passive system. The aim of this work is to evaluate the complexation impact on the organic and inorganic retention. Percolations on columns filled with clay are performed, which allow a better knowledge of the transfer of metallic pollutants, complexed or not, through a model porous media, considering charge and conditional stability of complexes.     

电动自行车用铅酸电池污染问题及对策的思考

叙述了目前我国城市电动自行车迅猛发展所带来的铅酸电池污染问题,分析了在城市大量使用铅酸电池所造成污染的危害性,并在此基础上提出了解决该污染问题的一些对策。