交通干线铅污染对两侧土壤和蔬菜的影响

为了调查交通干线上汽车尾气的铅污染对两侧土壤和蔬菜的影响,淮阴市环境监测中心站于１９９７年至１９９８年在宁连一级公路（淮阴段）选择３个区域,横穿公路布设３个剖面,每个剖面设置１０个监测点,对大气、土壤和蔬菜中铅含量进行监测。结果表明,大气中铅含量与土壤表层、蔬菜叶片中铅含量正相关,与深层土壤中铅含量相关不明显。指出交通干线两侧应减少蔬菜的种植,加大树木和花卉的种植,同时大力提倡无铅化汽油的使用,友     

X射线荧光光谱法测定土壤样品中铅的不确定度评定

用实例对X射线荧光光谱法测定土壤样品中铅的不确定度进行了评定.测量结果的不确定度由仪器综合稳定性、制样、标准物质、回归工作曲线、重复测量等所引入的不确定度分量组成.在对各个不确定度分量进行量化的基础上,通过合成得到测量结果的标准不确定度,再乘以95%置信概率下的扩展因子2,得到测量结果的扩展不确定度.     

石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定海水中痕量铅

研究了APDC-DDTC/CCI4体系石墨炉原子吸收法测定海水中痕量Pb.在最佳务件测定海水中痕量铅与标准方法有良好的相关性(R=0.9969),统计检验表明,置信度为95%时,两方法之间没有显著差异.本法RSD%=1.1,精密度略优于标准方法,操作简便,节省时间.应用于海水中铅的分析,取得了令人满意的结果.     

铅冶炼企业周边大气降尘中铅、镉、砷量及其对土壤的影响

通过在2012年5月-2013年4月1个周期年内,对修复基地和对照点每月大气降尘中铅、镉、砷沉降量的监测,结果表明：修复基地大气降尘中铅、镉、砷含量明显较对照点高,年总沉降量分别是对照点的17．6倍、16．3倍和14．1倍,表明铅冶炼企业对基地大气降尘中铅、镉、砷含量影响显著;大气降尘中铅、镉、砷沉降量受位置和时间影响较大,在相距不到100 m的测点间,沉降量相差1倍以上,冬季主导风明显、地面植被少、二次扬尘大,使处于铅冶炼企业下风向的基地降尘中铅、镉、砷沉降量较大。沉降量时空不均匀与土壤污染不均匀现状一致,也验证了铅冶炼企业是基地大气和土壤重金属污染的主要来源。以降尘缸模拟土壤进行测算,结果表明大气降尘中镉对土壤污染速度最快,风险最大。     

Evaluating the Applicability of Regulatory Leaching Tests for Assessing Lead Leachability in Contaminated Shooting Range Soils

The toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP) is the current US-EPA standard protocol to evaluate metal leachability in wastes and contaminated soils. However, application of TCLP to assess lead (Pb) leachability from contaminated shooting range soils may be questionable. This study determined Pb leachability in the range soils using TCLP and another US-EPA regulatory leaching method, synthetic precipitation leaching procedure (SPLP). Possible mechanisms that are responsible for Pb leaching in each leaching protocol were elucidated via X-ray diffraction (XRD). Soil samples were collected from the backstop berms at four shooting ranges, with Pb concentrations ranging from 5,000 to 60,600 mg kg⁻¹ soil. Lead concentrations in the TCLP leachates were from 3 to 350 mg l⁻¹, with all but one soil exceeding the USEPA non-hazardous waste disposal limit of 5 mg l⁻¹. However, continued dissolution of metallic Pb particles from spent Pb bullets and its re-precipitation as cerussite (PbCO₃) prevented the TCLP extraction from reaching equilibrium at the end of the standard leaching period (18 h). Thus, the standard one-point TCLP test would either over- or under-estimate Pb leachability in shooting range soils. Lead concentration in the SPLP leachates ranged from 0.021 to 2.6 mg l⁻¹, with all soils above the USEPA regulatory limit of 0.015 mg l⁻¹. In contrast to TCLP, SPLP leaching had reached equilibrium, with regard to both pH and Pb concentrations, within the standard 18 h leaching period, and the analytical SPLP results were in good agreement with those derived from modeling. Thus, we concluded that SPLP is a more appropriate alternative than TCLP for assessing lead leachability in range soils.     

Estimation of Polish cigarettes contamination with cadmium and lead, and exposure to these metals via smoking

To estimate exposure to cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) through cigarette smoking, the concentrations of both metals in the blood or/and urine of smokers (20 cigarettes or more per day for 10 years or longer) and their non-smoking counterparts inhabiting an environmentally unpolluted area (Bialystok, Poland) were evaluated, as well as Cd and Pb contents in the cigarette brands (produced in Poland) smoked by the participants, including intact cigarettes, pre-smoking (tobacco, paper and filter) and post-smoking (butt, ash and smoke) cigarette components. Blood and urinary Cd concentrations in the smokers have been already reported by us to be 2–4 times higher than in the non-smokers (Galażyn-Sidorczuk et al. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies, 13 (Suppl.1):91–95, 2004). All the other measurements are the subject of the present paper. Pb concentration in the blood of the cigarette smokers (52.12 ± 15.51 μg l⁻¹) was higher by 29% than in the non-smokers (40.42 ± 11.19 μg l⁻¹). The mean Cd and Pb contents in the cigarettes were 0.6801 ± 0.1765 and 0.6853 ± 0.0746 μg per cigarette, respectively. Under cigarette burning, performed using a machine for self-acting burning, on average 33% of Cd and 11% of Pb present in the whole cigarette was released into the smoke. For Cd, unlike Pb, there was a high positive correlation between the metal content in cigarettes and tobacco and its release into the smoke. Moreover, the subjects smoking cigarettes containing the highest Cd amount had higher blood Cd concentration than smokers of other cigarette brands. The results give clear evidence that in the case of inhabitants of areas unpolluted with Cd and Pb habitual cigarette smoking, due to tobacco contamination, creates a serious source of chronic exposure to these metals, especially to Cd.     

微波消解ICP-AES法测定废气中铅镉砷

采用微波消解电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法同时测定废气中的铅、镉、砷,在优化的试验条件下,方法在0 mg/L～5.00 mg/L范围内线性良好,铅、镉、砷的检出限分别为0.250 μg/m3、0.125 μg/m3、0.375 μg/m3(按采样体积400 L、定容体积50 mL计),空白滤筒平行测定6次的RSD为2.3％～10.5％,加标回收率为83％ ～ 112％,与标准方法的测定结果无显著差异.     

Lead,cadmium and mercury contents and bioaccumulation potential of wild edible saprophytic and ectomycorrhizal mushrooms,Croatia

ABSTRACT

Lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), and mercury (Hg) contents in ten species of edible mushrooms in Trako??an, Croatia were determined. In addition, the similarity between the studied species was determined by cluster analysis. The caps and stipes of the fruiting bodies were analysed separately. The analyses were carried out by inductively coupled plasma - optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). The greatest mean lead concentrations of 1.91 and 1.60 mg kg ^?1 were determined in caps and stipes of Macrolepiota procera. The greatest mean concentrations of cadmium (3.23 and 2.24 mg kg^?1) were determined in caps and stipes of Agaricus campestris and of mercury (2.56 and 2.35 mg kg^?1) in Boletus edulis. In terms of the anatomical parts of the fruiting body (cap-stipe), a considerably greater concentration of the analysed elements was found in the cap for all mushroom species. According to calculated bio-concentration factors, all the examined species were found to be bio-accumulators of Cd and Hg. On the basis of the accumulation of the studied metals, great similarity of mushroom species belonging to the same genus and partial similarity of species of the same ecological affiliation was obtained by cluster analysis.     

土壤生态毒性测试方法综述

土壤生态毒性测试在化学品管理和污染土壤评价等方面具有重要作用。传统的测试方法通常是利用生物个体、种群等水平上的存活、繁殖等测试终点来评价化学品或污染土壤对生态系统的影响。微宇宙等模拟生态系统和一些野外试验方法更接近生态系统的实际情况,但耗时更长、花费更高。与传统的测试方法相比,生物标志物敏感性高、响应速度快,有可能作为土壤污染的快速诊断工具。近年来,新技术的应用进一步促进了土壤生态毒理学的发展,如组学技术有助于理解有毒物的致毒机制,发现新的分子生物标志物。本文综述了目前土壤生态毒性测试的主要方法及其标准化和应用现状,同时对土壤生态毒性测试方法今后的研究方向及在我国环境管理中的应用提出展望。     

电驱动道路车辆动力锂离子电池芯性能试验条件和要求

本文是电驱动道路车辆动力锂离子电池的试验和要求标题下的电池芯性能试验部分。结合国标转化过程和实验室能力验证经历,将锂离子电池芯的性能试验方法和要求作描述和解释。供实验室和相关产品的供需双方参考。