废旧干电池资源化技术评述

详细地评述了近20多年来国内外有关废旧干电池资源化技术的研究状况，并结合我国国情，提出了实现废旧干电池工业化回用的可行性技术建议。     

修建雅罗大运河是解决西北荒漠化的造血工程─雅鲁藏布江─罗布泊大运河工程方案

将雅鲁藏布江水和强大温湿的印度洋西南季风引向大西北，即实施雅鲁藏布江─罗布泊大运河工程对改变和优化青藏高原内部和我国大西北干旱态环境，调控长江、黄河水量，防止两河断流和水患发生，繁荣大西北经济带，巩固西北国防具有的重要战略意义。     

An assessment of lead absorption from soil affected by smelter emissions

The purpose of this study was to assess the oral bioavailability of lead in soil collected from a former smelter site in Sandy, Utah, USA. Sprague-Dawley rats (approximately 4 weeks of age, 5 of each sex in group) were given either soil lead or lead acetate mixed in a purified diet (AIN-93G ) at four different concentrations for 31 consecutive days. Food consumption measurements were used to compute mean daily lead exposures for the soil lead and lead acetate groups. The lead acetate treatment yielded higher concentrations of lead in the blood and bone than the soil lead treatment. Mean blood lead values ranged from below the detection limit (3 g dL^–1) to 27.25 g lead dL^–1 for the lead acetate groups at dose levels of 0.10–2.91 mg lead kg body weight^–1 and from below the detection limit to 8.8 g lead dL^–1 for the soil lead groups at doses of 0.11–3.43 mg lead kg body weight^–1. At these same doses, mean bone values ranged from 0.52 to 26.92 g lead g^–1 for the lead acetate groups and from 0.64 to 13.1 g lead g^–1 for the soil lead groups. Relative per cent bioavailability was estimated by modelling the dose-blood concentration curves for the lead acetate treatment and the dosed soil lead treatment, and then comparing doses that produce an equivalent blood lead concentration. The ratio of the doses of lead acetate and soil lead that produced the same tissue response (i.e., concentration) provided an index of relative bioavailability. For lead, the bioavailability of soil lead relative to lead acetate was 41% at a blood concentration of 6 g lead dL^–1.     

Lead in a residential environment in Jamaica

The background levels of lead in Jamaica in soils and sediments, estimated at 37 mg kg^–1, are relatively high compared with world averages. Several areas have values in excess of this due to mineralisation and pollution. One such is the residential Hope Flats/Kintyre area in which levels of lead up to 2.5% are found in the soils and up to 8 g kg^–1 in the water of the nearby Hope River. The blood lead levels of a sample of children were in the range 5.7–57 g dl^–1. The high lead levels suggest a potential health risk, particularly for the children. This can be minimised by programmes which include community education, case management and abatement to reduce the lead exposure.     

Lead content of plants and soils from three abandoned smelter areas in and near Socorro,New Mexico

Two primary lead smelters and one secondary lead smelter have been active in the Socorro, New Mexico (USA) area in the last 110 years: the Billing smelter from 1883 to 1894, the Cuba Road smelter from 1881 to 1900, and Cal West from 1979 to 1984. Samples of plants and surface soil under each plant from all three sites were analysed for lead. The plants consisted of sparse grasses, cacti, creosote bush, snakeweed, mesquite and fourwing saltbush. Lead levels in the plants increased (2-440 g g^–1) as the lead in the alkaline soils (25-10000 ng g^–1) increased. However, the BAC (biological absorption coefficient), which is the ratio of lead content in the plant to the lead content in the soil, a measure of relative accumulation, decreased by one to two orders of magnitude, except for grasses and snakeweed. At background lead levels, there was little difference between lead in rootsversus foliage. At high lead levels, there was higher lead in roots versus foliage at the Billing and Cuba Road sites. The reverse was noted at Cal West. Because this is a recent operation, the higher lead in foliage may be due to foliar uptake. Plant growth at all sites appeared healthy.     

Heavy metal migration in soils and rocks at historical smelting sites

The vertical migration of metals through soils and rocks was investigated at five historical lead smelting sites ranging in age between 220 and 1900 years. Core samples were taken through metal-contaminated soils and the underlying strata. Concentration profiles of lead and zinc are presented from which values for the distances and rates of migration have been derived. Slag-rich soil horizons contain highly elevated metal concentrations and some contamination of underlying strata has occurred at all sites. However, the amounts of lead and zinc that have migrated from soils and been retained at greater depths are comparatively low. This low metal mobility in contaminated soils is partly attributed to the elevation of soil pH by the presence of calcium and carbonate originating from slag wastes and perhaps gangue minerals. Distances and rates of vertical migration were higher at those sites with soils underlain by sandstone than at those with soils underlain by clay. For sites with the same parent material, metal mobility appears to be increased at lower soil pH. The mean migration rates for lead and zinc reach maxima of 0.75 and 0.46 cm yr^–1 respectively in sandstone at Bole A where the elements have moved mean distances of 4.3 and 2.6 m respectively. There is some evidence that metal transport in the sandstone underlying Bole A and Cupola B occurs preferentially along rock fractures. The migration of lead and zinc is attenuated by subsurface clays leading to relatively low mean migration rates which range from 0.03 to 0.31 cm yr^–1 with many values typical of migration solely by diffusion. However, enhanced metal migration in clays at Cupola A suggest a preferential transport mechanism possibly in cracks or biopores.     

矿渣对废水中铅,铬的吸附去除试验

进行了矿渣去除废水中铬、铅离子的试验研究，探讨了接触时间、金属离子初始浓度、废水酸度等因素对吸附性能的影响。结果表明，有较宽的ｐＨ范围内矿渣对铬、铅离子有较强的吸附能力，基本符合Ｆｒｅｕｎｄｌｉｃｈ吸附等温式，铅离子的吸附容量略大于价铬离子。     

火焰原子吸收法测定水性漆中的铅

原子吸收法已广泛应用于各类试样中铅的分析，但用在油漆中，国内外报道甚少，我们采用干式灰化处理片后，用硝酸消解试样，用原子吸收法测定，测定结果精密度，准确度均较好。方法快速，灵敏，准确，适用于水性漆中铅的测定。     

镍镉电池废镉极板制备碳酸镉的研究

针对镍镉电池生产过程中产生的废泡沫式镉极板 ,提出了一条“溶解 萃取 沉淀”法生产碳酸镉的工艺路线。试验探讨了H2 SO4 溶解活性材料、P2 0 4 萃取Cd、H2 SO4 反萃Cd、Na2 CO3 沉淀Cd的条件     

废旧锂离子电池对环境污染的分析与对策

随着锂离子电池广泛应用，锂离子电池的使用量逐年增大．由废旧锂离子电池造成的环境问题已引起世界各国广泛关注。详细分析了废旧锂离子电池对环境的潜在污染，并提出了防治对策。