湖南主要地质灾害与地形地貌之关系

湖南是我国地质灾害的高发区,地形地貌类型复杂多样。利用以往的资料、野外调查及G IS技术,结合湖南省地貌图,对湖南主要地质灾害进行分析,绘出灾害点分布图。结果表明:湖南主要地质灾害集中分布于湘西北、湘西、湘南和湘东地区;与低山、低中山、中中山和喀斯特山原等地貌类型关系密切。     

A Method for Evaluating the Morphological Diversity of Strawberry Leaves in Natural Populations

A method for comparing polymorphic characters is proposed. As an example, the morphological diversity of strawberry leaves is evaluated. Initially, the factors determining leaf shape and the main directions of its variation are identified. These directions are used as coordinates outlining the space of possible realizations of the character. The polymorphic sets of real leaves from individual populations differ in being located in different parts of this space.     

Effect of mass fraction of long flame coal on swelling pressure and microstructures of cokes

Long flame coal are abundant and widely distributed in China, but the resource utilization is quite low, the production efficiency is not high. Stamp-charging coke making technology can bend some long flame coal, which can reduce production cost and expand the coking coal resources. The long flame coal of different mass fraction is added into prime coking coal including fat coal from Longhu, 1/3 coking coal from Xinjian and coking coal from Didao in experiment. The swelling pressure is tested on-line detection using pressure sensor in coke making process, and the pores are observed by scanning electron microscopy. The results show that, the swelling pressure first increase and then decrease with the temperature increased and the maximum swelling pressure reduces gradually with mass fraction of the Long flame coal from Shenmu increased in coke making process. The SEM images of resultant coke display that the coke get more and more loose and the amount of pores is increased with mass fraction of the long flame coal from Shenmu increased. The amount pores and the pore diameter both is minimum for coking coal from Didao as prime coking coal under the same fraction of long flame coal.     

Porous FeOx/BiVO4-δS0.08：Highly efficient photocatalysts for the degradation of Methylene Blue under visible-light illumination

Porous S-doped bismuth vanadate with an olive-like morphology and its supported iron oxide （y wt.% FeOx/BiVO4-δS0.08, y = 0.06, 0.76, and 1.40） photocatalysts were fabricated using the dodecylamine-assisted alcohol-hydrothermal and incipient wetness impregnation methods, respectively. It is shown that the y wt.% FeOx/BiVO4-δS0.08 photocatalysts contained a monoclinic scheetlite BiVO4 phase with a porous olive-like morphology, a surface area of 8.8-9.2 m^2/g, and a bandgap energy of 2.38-2.42 eV. There was co-presence of surface Bi^5＋, Bi^3＋, V^5＋, V^3＋, Fe^3＋, and Fe^2＋ species in y wt.% FeOx/BiVO4-δS0.08. The 1.40 wt.% FeOx/BiVO4-δS0.08 sample performed the best for Methylene Blue degradation under visible-light illumination. The photocatalytic mechanism was also discussed. We believe that the sulfur and FeOx co-doping, higher oxygen adspecies concentration, and lower baudgap energy were responsible for the excellent visible-light-driven catalytic activity of 1.40 wt.% FeOx/BiVO4-δS0.08.     

新型航空清洗剂对航空铝合金防盐雾性能影响的分析

目的 评价新型航空清洗剂对航空铝合金防盐雾性能的影响。方法 对航空铝合金7075在施加清洗剂清洗后开展中性盐雾试验,通过扫描电子显微镜、能谱分析仪、高分辨率拉曼光谱等研究手段,对铝合金的表面形貌、组织成分及关键化学组分的变化情况进行对比分析,综合评价该清洗剂对铝合金的性能影响。结果 经过新型航空清洗剂清洗和6 h中性盐雾试验后,清洗剂仍在铝合金表面残留有保护膜,且清洗后的铝合金表面经盐雾实验后依然光亮,有明显的二次相颗粒,无絮状物和氯化钠结晶体,其表面褐色腐蚀斑点也更小。结论 经清洗后,铝合金的盐雾腐蚀程度明显更轻,说明清洗剂中的缓蚀剂成分起到了保护作用,该清洗剂具有防盐沉降的作用,可提升航空铝合金的防盐雾腐蚀性能。     

Screening hydroxyapatite for cadmium and lead immobilization in aqueous solution and contaminated soil: The role of surface area

Hydroxyapatite (HAP) has been widely used to immobilize many cationic metals in water and soils. The specific reason why an increase in the surface area of HAP enhances cadmium (Cd) uptake, but has no effect on lead (Pb) uptake, is not clear. The aim of this study was to determine the factors causing the differences in sorption behavior between Cd and Pb by evaluating HAPs with different surface areas. We synthesized HAPs with two different surface areas, which were characterized by X-ray diffraction, N₂ adsorption, and scanning electron microscopy, and then evaluated them as sorbents for Cd and Pb removal by testing in single and binary systems. The sorption capacity of large surface area HAP (1.85 mmol/g) for Cd in the single-metal system was higher than that of small surface area HAP (0.64 mmol/g), but there were no differences between single- and binary-metal solutions containing Pb. After the Cd experiments, the HAP retained a stable structure and intact morphology, which promotes the accessibility of reactive sites for Cd. However, a newly formed precipitate covered the surface and blocked the channels in the presence of Pb, which reduced the number of potential adsorption sites on HAP for Cd and Pb. Remediation experiments using Cd- and Pb-contaminated soil produced similar results to the solution tests. These results indicate that alterations of the structure and morphology during the reaction is an important factor influencing metal sorption to HAP.     

Root uptake of lead by Norway spruce grown on Pb spiked soils

The root uptake of lead (Pb) by trees and the transfer of Pb by leaf litter deposition to the forest floor were investigated through a pot experiment with Norway spruce. Natural Pb and radio isotopic lead (²¹⁰Pb) were determined in needles and twigs and in the pot soil spiked with ²¹⁰Pb. Calculations of the specific activity in plant material and in the supporting pot soil showed that less than 2% of the Pb content of needles and twigs originates from root uptake and approximately 98% are deposited from the atmosphere. Atmospheric Pb has declined by a factor of 7 from 1980 to 2007 but is still a major pathway of Pb to vegetation and topsoils. The conclusion from the experiment is that the internal circulation of Pb through root uptake, translocation and litterfall, gives an insignificant input of Pb to the forest floor compared to atmospheric deposition.     

载硫活性炭微观结构和表面形态研究

为了增强活性炭脱除燃煤电厂烟气中汞的能力,利用汞和硫可以生成稳定的HgS的性质,研究了通过热沉淀增加了活性炭中的硫含量的改性方法,并以SEM、BET、TGA等方法,研究了改性对活性炭表面形貌、硫在活性炭中的分布、活性炭比表面积等性能的影响。结果表明,热沉淀改性方法可以增加活性炭中的硫含量;硫粘附在活性炭的炭链上量较多,孔壁较少;改性工艺降低了活性炭的比表面积,且改性活性炭的比表面积随着温度的升高而增大;载硫后,活性炭中元素硫和炭的结合被增强。     

湿喷混凝土支护强度影响规律探究及改进

为探究普朗铜矿湿喷混凝土技术应用中出现的喷层强度低、易开裂等问题原因,针对水灰比、养护温度2个因素对湿喷混凝土强度发展规律展开研究,采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)观察湿喷混凝土的微观形貌、EDS和XRD进行物相分析.结果表明:温度是影响湿喷混凝土强度增长关键因素;水灰比越大,硬化水泥石浆体内孔隙越多,混凝土强度越低;温度...     

复合酶处理对活性污泥溶解的动力学机制研究

研究了酶（蛋白酶和α-淀粉酶）处理过程中污泥溶解效率及动力学特征。研究表明,酶处理可以有效地溶解污泥絮体,上清液有机物含量明显上升,经淀粉酶处理的污泥上清液中的蛋白质和多糖浓度分别增长了268%和1 100%。同时,污泥的溶解过程遵循一阶反应动力学方程,蛋白酶与α淀粉酶的酶促水解动力学反应速率常数分别为0.146和0.306。复合酶（蛋白酶和α-淀粉酶）投加方式对污泥酶促水解效能有着重要的影响。淀粉酶先于蛋白酶投加的水解效率明显高于其他2种投加方式（蛋白酶先于淀粉酶投加和同时投加）。该研究成果为复合酶在污泥处理过程中的应用提供了理论依据。