混凝过程中絮体形貌的PIV成像观测与表征

采用粒子成像速度场仪(PIV)对Taylor-Couette反应器内的混凝过程中絮体的微观形貌进行了观测与表征.结果表明,内筒转速在20～60r/min范围内,生成的絮体颗粒较大,粒径分布均匀,絮凝沉淀效果最好.由于内筒旋转速度的变化直接导致混凝流场形态的变化,所以混凝过程中流场形态的变化对絮体生长过程有重要影响,进而直接影响到混凝效果.混凝过程中流场的周期性变化、涡间存在液体传递的波状涡结构有利于絮体颗粒的结合生长,并导致较高的絮凝沉淀去除率.这也说明PIV技术能够在测量流场的同时较好地反映混凝过程中微絮体的形貌变化特征,从而实现对絮凝过程的原位观测与表征.     

柳树幼苗渗透调节物质对中、碱性钠盐响应的差异性

世界土壤盐渍化问题日益严重.中国拥有面积广大的盐碱地,它严重地制约着中国农业的可持续发展.中国北方内陆盐碱地土壤含有NaCl、Na2SO4、Na2CO3、NaHCO3 多种盐分,类型复杂多样.柳树是我国重要的造林绿化和水土保持乡土树种,对改良盐碱地美化生态环境具有重要作用,因此研究柳树耐碱性及其适应盐碱生理差异性具有重要意义.以盐柳1号（Salix psammophila）为试验材料,分别以中性盐NaCl 和Na2SO4、碱性盐NaHCO3 和Na2CO3 混合模拟盐、碱胁迫（两者物质的量比均为9∶1）,各设计了5 个梯度处理,总共胁迫14 d 后,研究盐与碱胁迫下柳树幼苗叶片含水量、脯氨酸、可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白的变化情况.结果表明：随着盐浓度的升高柳树叶片中的含水量呈减少趋势,在碱性盐胁迫下叶片含水量下降趋势更大,盐浓度达到200 mmol·L^-1 时,叶片含水量达到最低为23.8%,仅为对照的32%（P〈0.01）达到极显著性差异,并且相比于中性盐在碱性盐胁迫下叶片损失水分更多.同样在碱性盐胁迫情况下随着盐浓度升高,柳树叶片中的三种渗透调节物质脯氨酸、可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白含量均增加,其中,碱性盐浓度达到200 mmol·L^-1 时植物叶片中脯氨酸质量分数为100.38 μg·g^-1 达到最大值为对照的3.18 倍（P〈0.01）达到极显著性差异,为同浓度中性盐胁迫下的1.57 倍（P〈0.05）.当碱性盐浓度达到150 mmol·L^-1 时,柳树叶片可溶性糖质量分数是2.4 mg·g^-1 为对照的1.86 倍（P〈0.05）达到显著性差异水平,为同等浓度中性盐胁迫下的1.69 倍（P〈0.05）,叶片可溶性蛋白质量分数为7.84 mg·g-1 为对照的1.67 倍（P〈0.05）差异显著,为同等浓度中性盐胁迫下的1.56 倍（P〈0.05）.综上所述,从渗透胁迫角度分析,碱性盐胁迫比中性盐胁迫是两种不同性质的胁迫,并且碱胁迫对柳树造成的危害损伤更大.     

不同锰处理对镉胁迫下2种油菜重金属累积和根系形态的影响

采用水培试验,研究Cd胁迫(10μmol·L~(-1))条件下,不同浓度Mn(0,0.1,1,10,100μmol·L~(-1))处理对2种镉累积能力不同的油菜生物量、Cd和Mn含量以及根系形态参数的影响。结果表明,与正常营养处理Mn1相比,缺Mn和Mn过量处理显著降低2种油菜的地上部和镉低积累油菜"华骏"的根部生物量,而对普通油菜"寒绿"的根部生物量没有显著影响。与Mn1处理相比,缺Mn处理下2种油菜的Cd累积总量和"华骏"地上部Cd含量显著降低;Mn过量处理下2种油菜根部和地上部Cd含量均呈升高趋势,2种油菜的Cd累积总量无显著变化或显著降低。随Mn处理浓度升高,2种油菜地上部和根部Mn含量显著升高,缺Mn处理下2种油菜根部的Mn含量低于Mn缺乏的临界值。与Mn1处理相比,缺Mn处理下"华骏"的根长、表面积、体积、平均直径和根尖数显著降低;Mn过量处理下"寒绿"的根长以及"华骏"的根系表面积、体积显著降低;缺Mn处理下2种油菜细根表面积所占的比例增加,粗根表面积比例降低;Mn过量时,"寒绿"的粗根表面积比例增加,细根比例降低,而"华骏"则相反。总的来看,缺Mn处理影响油菜根系和地上部生长,减少地上部Cd含量和植株Cd累积总量;Mn过量处理下油菜生长也受到抑制,但是油菜地上部和根部Cd含量有所升高;2种油菜的根系形态学参数在不同Mn处理下变化规律不同,表现出不同的响应策略。     

镨对镉胁迫下水稻幼苗根系生长和根系形态的影响

为了解稀土镨对镉胁迫下水稻(Oryza sativa L.)根系毒害的缓解效应,以水稻幼苗为实验材料,采用溶液培养方法,研究了50μmol·L-1镉胁迫下不同浓度镨对水稻幼苗根系鲜质量、形态和根系活力的影响。结果表明,50μmol·L-1镉胁迫下,水稻根系生长受到明显的抑制,根系鲜质量、根长、根表面积、根体积和根系活力明显降低,且随镉处理时间的延长,抑制程度加重。但镉对根系平均直径无明显影响。23～184μmol·L-1的镨对水稻镉毒害有一定的缓解效果,可不同程度的减轻镉对幼苗的伤害,促进了镉胁迫下根系鲜质量、根系长度、根系表面积和根系体积的增加,提高了根系活力,且随着处理时间的延长,缓解效应愈加明显,与单镉毒害相比,镨处理5天后根系鲜质量、根长、根表面积、根体积和根系活力分别提高了0.92%～14.8%、1.61%～16.3%、2.57%～20.3%、1.52%～17.2%和3.71%～32.8%,处理10d后根系鲜质量、根长、根表面积、根体积和根系活力分别提高了2.55%～31.2%、1.44%～21.4%、1.78%～27.2%、2.16%～23.4%和8.14%～52.9%;此外,23～184μmol·L-1的镨处理对直径≤1.0mm的根长和根表面积、直径0.5mmD≤1.0mm的根体积影响较大,其分别提高了0.9%～24.3%、1.9%～32.6%、0.4%～33.2%,其中以92μmol·L-1镨缓解效果最好。但随着镨浓度的进一步加大,当镨浓度达到230μmol·L-1时,反而会使水稻根系受到更严重的毒害。     

焊料在NaCl溶液中重金属元素的浸出行为

电子垃圾填埋时重金属元素的浸出会造成环境和地下水的污染,进而危害人类的健康。文章以Sn-0.75Cu、Sn-3.5Ag-0.75Cu和Sn-37Pb焊料合金及接头作为对象,研究了它们在3.5%NaCl溶液中重金属元素的浸出行为。结果表明,3种焊料合金浸出后Sn的浸出量差别不大,而3种钎焊接头Sn的浸出量却高出焊料合金中浸出量的1个数量级,并且无铅钎焊接头中Sn的浸出量高于Sn-37Pb钎焊接头;焊料合金中Ag、Cu的浸出量较少,Pb的浸出量较高,而钎焊接头中Ag、Cu及Pb的浸出量均高于焊料合金。焊料合金在NaCl溶液中浸出后表面生成的腐蚀产物较少,而钎焊接头浸出后表面生成的腐蚀产物却很多,其产物主要是由SnCl2、Sn(4OH)6Cl2和PbC(lOH)相组成。     

Modelling radiative balance in a row-crop canopy: Row-soil surface net radiation partition

Row crops like vineyards undergo various and significant manipulations of training system and cultural practices, which strongly influence the quality of products. Variations of water vapour fluxes from the soil surface and the leaves in the row volume are closely linked to the ratio of energy available to each compartment. A physically realistic model of available energy partition between the rows and the soil surface is therefore a key factor towards optimization of such systems, and must be included in canopy models. A number of available models were not directly validated. The purpose of the study was therefore to design a model of net radiation partition and check it directly.The model of net radiation partition between rows (Rnv), considered as a whole, and intervening soil surface (Rns) of a row-crop canopy was developed from physically realistic yet simple assumptions:

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global solar (short wave) radiation partition was calculated by a previously validated geometric model;

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long-wave radiative fluxes between the soil surface, the rows and the atmosphere were calculated from the corresponding view factors, which only depended on canopy geometry;

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atmospheric radiation was estimated by a simple empirical relation based on air temperature as the only input variable;

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air temperature in the vicinity of leaves replaced leaf surface temperatures as a more convenient input variable, with little loss of information.

The input variables were incoming direct and diffuse solar radiation, soil surface mean temperature and air temperature near the leaves. The main parameters were soil and leaf albedos, row porosity and dimensions.A direct validation of the model was attempted by measuring net radiation above the canopy and at five positions above the soil surface in a vineyard of the Bordeaux area. The reliability of soil surface net radiation measurements was estimated by thorough error propagation analysis. When found significant, errors were corrected and finally soil surface net radiation data were corrected only for delay in direct downward solar radiation striking net radiometers, because canopy was discontinuous and height of net radiometers was not negligible compared to canopy height.In these conditions, model calculations were in agreement with measurements, although the model slightly underestimated Rns and therefore overestimated Rnv. As the mean error was about 20 W m⁻², and therefore compatible with instrument accuracy, the results were considered satisfactory.This available energy partition model is able to estimate radiative balance in various canopy systems and in various thermal environment conditions, leading to easier simulations of energy balance and water fluxes. It could therefore be a useful tool for optimizing row-crop canopies, taking fully into account any kind of present or future thermal environment.     

Scramble competition selects for greater tailfin size in male red-spotted newts (Amphibia: Salamandridae)

Darwin predicted that scramble competition for access to reproductive females would result in sexual dimorphism of locomotory structures, but direct evidence for this is extremely rare. I examined the relationship between variation in tailfin size and mating success in a field and laboratory study of red-spotted newts, Notophthalmus viridescens. Over three breeding seasons, male tailfin size was positively correlated with variation in male amplexus frequency, and indirectly correlated with male insemination frequency. In a laboratory study, I confirmed that males' ability to capture females is affected by variation in tailfin size. This is the first study to show that naturally occurring variation in male locomotory structures affects male mating success. It corroborates the prediction that scramble competition leads to sexual selection on locomotory structures and, potentially, to dimorphism in these structures. Received: 16 April 1999 / Received in revised form: 16 May 1999 / Accepted: 12 June 1999     

Sex allocation and local mate competition in Old World non-pollinating fig wasps

The populations of many species are structured such that mating is not random and occurs between members of local patches. When patches are founded by a single female and all matings occur between siblings, brothers may compete with each other for matings with their sisters. This local mate competition (LMC) selects for a female-biased sex ratio, especially in species where females have control over offspring sex, as in the parasitic Hymenoptera. Two factors are predicted to decrease the degree of female bias: (1) an increase in the number of foundress females in the patch and (2) an increase in the fraction of individuals mating after dispersal from the natal patch. Pollinating fig wasps are well known as classic examples of species where all matings occur in the local patch. We studied non-pollinating fig wasps, which are more diverse than the pollinating fig wasps and also provide natural experimental groups of species with different male morphologies that are linked to different mating structures. In this group of wasps, species with wingless males mate in the local patch (i.e. the fig fruit) while winged male species mate after dispersal. Species with both kinds of male have a mixture of local and non-local mating. Data from 44 species show that sex ratios (defined as the proportion of males) are in accordance with theoretical predictions: wingless male species<wing-dimorphic male species<winged male species. These results are also supported by a formal comparative analysis that controls for phylogeny. The foundress number is difficult to estimate directly for non-pollinating fig wasps but a robust indirect method leads to the prediction that foundress number, and hence sex ratio, should increase with the proportion of patches occupied in a crop. This result is supported strongly across 19 species with wingless males, but not across 8 species with winged males. The mean sex ratios for species with winged males are not significantly different from 0.5, and the absence of the correlation observed across species with wingless males may reflect weak selection to adjust the sex ratio in species whose population mating structure tends not to be subdivided. The same relationship is also predicted to occur within species if individual females adjust their sex ratios facultatively. This final prediction was not supported by data from a wingless male species, a male wing-dimorphic species or a winged male species. Received: 27 July 1998 / Received in revised form: 11 January 1999 / Accepted: 16 January 1999     

CHANNEL MORPHOLOGY EVOLUTION AND OVERBANK FLOW IN THE GEORGIA PIEDMONT1

ABSTRACT: Historic changes in stream channel morphology were investigated in the Georgia Piedmont to better understand the hydrologic processes and functioning of the region's riverine systems. USGS gaging station data and channel geomorphology data were collected from thirty study sites in the Upper Oconee River Basin for flood frequency analysis. Historic and modern (i.e., present-day) channel capacity discharge (i.e., overbank flow) was calculated using Manning's equation and historic channel cross-section records. The recurrence interval for overbank flow was estimated for each site from flood frequency data. Results indicate that channel expansion has occurred throughout the basin, especially in upper reaches. Recurrence intervals for modern overbank events were variable and generally high ranging from < 2 to > 500 years for first to third order streams. They were less variable and lower for fourth and fifth order streams, ranging from < 2 to 3 years. Potential depositional thresholds were identified that exemplify the complex response of sediment distribution patterns throughout the basin. Results indicate overbank flows occur less frequently now than they once did due to historic accelerated sedimentation and subsequent channel expansion. One application of these findings is that these basin processes are likely applicable across the region and may impact the hydrologic functioning of associated Piedmont riverine wetlands that depend on flooding regimes.     

上流式厌氧污泥床反应器处理饮料废水

通过监测西安可口可乐饮料有限公司污水处理站的上流式厌氧污泥床(UASB)反应器,探讨饮料废水厌氧处理过程中COD去除率、沼气组分、氢分压、出水挥发性脂肪酸、产甲烷活性以及污泥形态。结果表明,UASB反应器对饮料废水中的COD去除率达到84.55%,产生的沼气中甲烷组分含量高达74.5%。反应器内的氢分压仅2.5 Pa,为水解发酵和产氢产乙酸过程创造了良好的条件。UASB反应器中污泥具有较高的产甲烷活性,以乙酸、丙酸和丁酸为基质时,最大比产甲烷活性分别为407.14、331.74和241.27 m L CH4/(g VSS·d)。UASB反应器中的污泥形态主要为絮状,甲烷菌中的优势菌为甲烷丝菌,同时存在少量甲烷杆菌。针对该厂UASB反应器中污泥的现状,提出了影响颗粒化的因素和控制措施,为后期的运行和管理提供了参考依据。