藻类絮凝体形态学特征及其与气浮的关系研究

采用聚合氯化铝(PAC)作为混凝药剂,利用混凝-气浮技术去除水中铜绿微囊藻(MA),用图像法对絮凝体的分形维数进行测定,分析不同混凝条件下的气浮除藻效果以及PAC-MA絮凝体的形态学特征,并探讨两者的关系.结果表明,在快速混合搅拌强度和时间分别为500 s-1和1 min,回流比为10%条件下,PAC最佳投药量范围为5.6-9.8 mg/L Al2O3,最佳点为8.4 mg/LAl2O3;最佳的絮凝反应搅拌强度范围为50～80 s-1,最佳点为50 8-1;最佳的絮凝时间范围为5～8 min;投药量、絮凝反应搅拌强度及时间对PAC-MA絮凝体形态有着显著影响,在最佳混凝条件下,絮凝体的二维分形维数D2较小,在1.168 8～1.235 7之:间,相对应的絮凝体的平均粒径较大,在300～500 μm之间;在适当的混凝条件下,结构疏松,枝权较多,尺寸较大的PAC-MA絮凝体与气泡粘附效果好,容易气浮去除.     

颗粒物对混凝过程及超滤膜污染的影响

以nm-SiO₂和μm-SiO₂体系为研究对象,使用3种不同Al形态的混凝剂（AlCl₃、Al₁₃和Al₃₀）进行混凝-超滤实验,考察不同pH值下SiO₂去除率、出水余Al及混凝预处理对膜通量的影响,借助马尔文激光粒度仪、SEM、BET和AFM表征絮体性质及在超滤膜表面的分布和作用力.结果表明,nm-SiO₂体系中SiO₂去除率均低于μm-SiO₂体系,在纳米颗粒物体系中投加混凝剂后膜通量从0.68分别提升至0.96（AlCl₃）、0.86（Al₁₃）和0.87（Al₃₀）,微米颗粒物体系中投加3种混凝剂后膜通量从0.79提升至0.80~0.84.微米级颗粒物是颗粒间的碰撞,纳米级颗粒物主要以团聚态的形式碰撞.低聚态铝（Al_a）和颗粒物形成絮体的粒径均大于150μm,体系zeta电位为负与膜表面产生斥力;在中性条件下Al₁₃与颗粒物形成絮体的强度因子远高于AlCl₃和Al₃₀,中聚态铝（Al_b）将膜孔内部较小颗粒物堵塞形成的不可逆膜污染转移成膜孔表面的可逆膜污染;高聚态铝（Al_c）具有较强吸附架桥和网捕卷扫能力,无定形、不规则的团聚态小颗粒在这一过程中形成较大絮体缓解膜污染.     

镉胁迫对不同水稻品种幼苗根系形态和生理特性的影响

为了解植物根系对重金属镉的反应,以水稻秀水63和秀水09为试验材料,采用溶液培养方法,研究不同浓度镉(0、1、5、10、25、50、100 μmol·L~(-1))对水稻幼苗根系形态和部分生理特性的影响.结果表明:1 μmol·L~(-1)镉处理对2个水稻品种根系生长有一定的促进作用,表现为植株干质量、根系总长度、根系表面积、根体积和根系活力均略有升高.但随着镉浓度(5～100 μmol·L~(-1))增加,表现出一定的抑制效应,与对照相比,秀水63和秀水09分别在10 μmol·L~(-1)和25 μmol·L~(-1)镉处理时的根系干质量、根系总长度、根系表面积、根体积和根系活力明显受到抑制,而根系平均直径、质膜透性均有所增加.不同浓度镉胁迫对两个水稻品种直径≤1.5 mm的根系生长影响最大,其中高于10 μmol·L~(-1)镉胁迫下,秀水63直径≤1.5 mm根系长度、根系表面积和根系体积分别降低了11.89%～55.39%、10.77%～57.27%和18.37%～67.35%,秀水09分别降低了6.84%～40.48%、8.55%～42.79%和16.50%～52.42%.本实验结果表明,2个水稻品种对镉胁迫存在着一定的差异,秀水09对Cd胁迫的耐受能力要强于秀水63.     

Acquired changes in stomatal characteristics in response to ozone during plant growth and leaf development of bush beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) indicate phenotypic plasticity

Bush bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) lines 'S156' (O3-sensitive)/'R123' (O3-tolerant) and cultivars 'BBL 290' (O3-sensitive)/'BBL 274' (O3-tolerant) were used to study the effects of O3 on stomatal conductance (gs), density, and aperture size on leaf and pod surfaces with the objective of establishing links between the degree of plant sensitivity to O3 and plasticity of stomatal properties in response to O3. Studies in open-top chambers (OTCs) and in continuously stirred tank reactors (CSTRs) established a clear relationship between plant developmental stages, degrees of O3 sensitivity and gs: while 'S156' had higher gs rates than 'R123' earlier in development, similar differences between 'BBL 290' and 'BBL 274' were observed at later stages. Gs rates on the abaxial leaf surfaces of 'S156' and 'BBL 290', accompanied by low leaf temperatures, were significantly higher than their O3-tolerant counterparts. Exposure to O3 in CSTRs had greater and more consistent impacts on both stomatal densities and aperture sizes of O3-sensitive cultivars. Stomatal densities were highest on the abaxial leaf surfaces of 'S156' and 'BBL 290' at higher O3 concentrations (60 ppb), but the largest aperture sizes were recorded on the adaxial leaf surfaces at moderate O3 concentrations (30 ppb). Exposure to O3 eliminated aperture size differences on the adaxial leaf surfaces between sensitive and tolerant cultivars. Regardless of sensitivity to O3 and treatment regimes, the smallest aperture sizes and highest stomatal densities were found on the abaxial leaf surface. Our studies showed that O3 has the potential to affect stomatal plasticity and confirmed the presence of different control mechanisms for stomatal development on each leaf surface. This appeared to be more evident in O3-sensitive cultivars.     

Cultivation of aerobic granules for simultaneous nitrification and denitrification by seeding different inoculated sludge

Cultivation of aerobic granules for simultaneous nitrification and denitrification in two sequencing batch airlift bioreactors was studied. Conventional activated floc and anaerobic granules served as main two inoculated sludge in the systems. Morphological variations of sludge in the reactors were observed. It was found that the cultivation of aerobic granules was closely associated with the kind of inoculated sludge. Round and regular aerobic granules were prevailed in both reactors, and the physical charactedstics of the aerobic granules in terms of settling ability, specitic gravity, and ratio Of water containing were distinct wnen the inoculate sludge differe. Aerobic granules formed by seeding activated floc are more excellent in simultaneous nitrification and denitrification than that by aerobic granules formed from anaerobic granules. It was concluded that inoculated sludge plays a crucial role in the cultivation of aerobic granules for simultaneous nitrification and denitrification.     

PACS的形态及电导特性研究

借助于透射电镜技术观察了ＰＡＣＳ的聚合形态考察了电导率随碱化度（γ），加入的Ａｌ＾３＋／ＳＯ＾２－４摩尔比及熟化时间的变化情况，研究了熟化时间对ＰＡＣＳ电中和能力及絮凝效果的影响。实验结果表明，ＳＯ＾２－４的加入可提高聚合氯化铝的聚合度，ＰＡＣＳ聚合物的聚合度随着γ的提高及熟化时间的增长而增大，ＰＡＣＳ的电和和能力随着熟化时间的延长而下降，ＰＡＣＳ溶液（Ａｌ＾２＋含量为０．１８ｍｏｌ／Ｌ）的电导在     

絮凝形态学研究及进展

从水体中原始颗粒、絮凝剂和絮体 3个方面综述了絮凝形态学的研究进展 ,尤其是分形理论在絮凝理论与工程中的应用。絮体是具有自相似或自仿射和标度不变的分形结构 ,其分形维数是描述絮凝过程的重要因素。絮体分形结构导致了絮体碰撞的作用半径、有效密度等变化 ,从而对颗粒物分离过程有重要的影响。     

Morphology of single inhalable particle in the air polluted city of Shijiazhuang, China

In the typical air polluted city of Shijiazhuang,single inhalable particle samples in non-heating period,heating pened,dust storm days,and snowy days were collected and detected by SEM/EDS(scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry).The particle morphology was characterized by the 6 shape clusters,which areirregular square,agglomerate,sphere,floccule,column or stick,and unknown,by quantitative order.The irregular square particles are common in all kinds of samples;sphere particles are more,and column or stick are less in winter samples;in the wet deposit samples,agglomerate and floccule particles are not found.The surface of most particles is coarse with fractal edge,which can provide suitable chemical reaction bed in the polluted atmospheric environment.New formed calcium crystal is found to demonstrate the existence of neutralized reaction,explaining the reason for the high SO2 emission and low acid rain frequency in Shijiazhuang.The three sorts of surface patterns of spheres are smooth,semi-smooth,and coarse,corresponding to the element of Si-dominant,Si-Al-dominant,and Fe-dominant.The soot particle is present as floccule with average size around 10 μm,considerably larger than the former reported results,but wrapped or captured with other fine particles to make its appearance unique and enhance its toxicity potentially.The new formed calcium crystal,the 3 sorts of sphere surface patterns,and the unique soot appearance represent the single inhalable particle's morphology characteristics in Shijiazhuang City.     

地下采空诱发顺层岩质斜坡变形破坏特征研究

为揭示地下采空诱发顺层岩质斜坡变形失稳的机制,采用底摩擦模型模拟试验方法,以重庆市鸡尾山地质条件为试验对象,研究不同开采顺序(顺坡开采、逆坡开采)、煤柱留设(上下边界矿柱、区段或水平矿柱)情况下,地下采空区不同空间分布诱发其上覆岩层的变形破裂响应特征。结果表明:1)地下采空区分布不同,其上覆岩层变形破裂响应特征也不同;2)软弱夹层是顺层斜坡的潜在滑动面,同一矿山地质条件、不同采空区影响下的软弱夹层可分为凹形、凸形、S形、反S形4种类型;3)地下采矿形成采空区后,岩体破坏规模及程度主要受地质环境和开采方式的控制,地下采空影响下类似含软弱夹层缓倾斜顺层斜坡的变形机制为弯曲-断裂、滑移-拉裂。     

Effects of C/N ratio on nitrate removal and floc morphology of autohydrogenotrophic bacteria in a nitrate-containing wastewater treatment process

The effects of C/N ratio of a nitrate-containing wastewater on nitrate removal performed by autohydrogenotrophic bacteria as well as on the morphological parameters of floc such as floc morphology, floc number distribution, mean particle size(MPS), aspect ratio and transparency were examined in this study. The results showed that the nitrate reduction rate increased with increasing C/N ratio from 0.5 to 10 and that the nitrogen removal of up to 95% was found at the C/N ratios of higher than 5(between 0.5–10). Besides, high C/N ratio values reflected a corresponding high nitrite accumulation after 12-hr operation, and a fast decreasing rate of nitrite in the rest of operational time. The final p H values increased with the C/N ratio increasing from 0.5 to 2.5, but decreased with the C/N ratio increasing from2.5 to 10. There were no significant changes in floc morphology with the MPSs ranging from35 to 40 μm. Small and medium-sized flocs were dominant in the sludge suspension, and the number of flocs increased with the increasing C/N ratios. Furthermore, the highest apparent frequency of 10% was observed at aspect ratios of 0.5 and 0.6, while the transparency of flocs changed from 0.1 to 0.7.