A model for measuring leaf growth rate of vegetative shoot in the seagrass, Zostera marina

A new model for determining leaf growth in vegetative shoots of the seagrass Zostera marina (eelgrass) is described. This model requires the weights of individual mature and immature whole leaves and leaf plastochrone interval (P_L) as parameters, differing from the conventional leaf marking technique (CLM) that requires cutting and separation between new and old tissue of leaves. The techniques required for the model are the same as for the plastochrone method, but the parameters differ between both methods in use of the weight of individual immature leaves. In a mesocosm study, eelgrass growth was examined, and parameters for the new model and plastochrone method (the weights of individual mature and immature leaves and P_L) were measured. Leaf growth rate was measured using the CLM and determined by the new method and the plastochrone method. The results were then compared between the CLM, the new model, and the plastochrone method. The results obtained with the new model were similar to those obtained with the CLM. However, the results of the plastochrone method differed from those of the CLM, while the weight of immature leaves varied seasonally. The new model was also used to determine leaf growth in a natural eelgrass bed in Mikawa Bay, Japan, and revealed the growth rates in all shoots and those of different ages. This method would be advantageous as an accurate means of direct measurement in fieldwork, and should therefore be a useful tool for monitoring seagrass growth.     

A GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM PROCEDURE TO QUANTIFY DRAINAGE-BASIN CHARACTERISTICS1

ABSTRACT: The Basin Characteristics System (BCS) has been developed to quantify characteristics of a drainage basin. The first of four main BCS processing steps creates four geographic information system (GIS) digital maps representing the drainage divide, the drainage network, elevation contours, and the basin length. The drainage divide and basin length are manually digitized from 1:250,000-scale topographic maps. The drainage network is extracted using GIS software from 1:100,000-scale digital line graph data. The elevation contours are generated using GIS software from 1:250,000-scale digital elevation model data. The second and third steps use software developed to assign attributes to specific features in three of the four digital maps and analyze the four maps to quantify 24 morphometric basin characteristics. The fourth step quantifies two climatic characteristics from digitized State maps of precipitation data. Compared to manual methods of measurement, the BCS provides a reduction in the time required to quantify the 26 basin characteristics. Comparison tests indicate the BCS measurements are not significantly different from manual topographic-map measurements for 11 of 12 primary drainage-basin characteristics. Tests indicate the BCS significantly underestimates basin slope. Comparison-measurement differences for basin slope, main channel slope, and basin relief appear to be due to limitations in the digital elevation model data.     

苯丙氨酸解氨酶高活性红酵母(Rhodotorula sp.)CIBAS A 1401菌株的鉴定

红酵母菌株(Rhodotorula sp．)CIBAS A 1401是一株分离自我国西南天然源的具有生物技术用途的高活性苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)菌种．它已经在我国作为工业生物催化酶源菌种，用于PAL／反式-肉桂酸生物转化途径生产L-苯丙氨酸(L—Phe)．该菌株细胞多为球形或卵圆形，单个或几个细胞连结成串珠，多端出芽；在麦芽汁琼脂上产生橙红色菌落，有光泽，表面粘稠，边缘整齐平滑；在马铃薯琼脂上生长不形成菌丝或无假菌丝；不形成掷孢子，不发酵任何糖，能以硝酸盐为唯一氮源，可同化葡萄糖、麦芽糖、蔗糖、松三糖、D-甘露糖、甘露醇、D-木糖、D-山梨醇、D-果糖、乙醇和甘油；不能同化肌醇、赤藓醇、蜜二糖等；无有性生殖现象．按照其形态培养特征和生理生化特征，A1401菌株鉴定为粘红酵母(Rhodotorula glutinis Harrison)，并命名为粘红酵母：Rhodotorula glutinis CIBAS A 1401．图3表1参12     

2A12铝合金在EXCO溶液中腐蚀损伤形貌演化分析

目的探索2A12铝合金在EXCO溶液中腐蚀损伤形貌的演化规律。方法开展实验室内2A12铝合金的加速腐蚀实验。为实现表面粗糙度与腐蚀损伤相关性的定量研究,首先采用3D扫描成像仪对实验样品进行扫描,取得样品微观几何特征,实现表面粗糙度值的数字化定量表征。观察样品在EXCO溶液中腐蚀损伤的发生发展过程、腐蚀形貌的演化过程,测量腐蚀样品蚀坑深度,并分析表面粗糙度对样品腐蚀损伤的影响。结果当腐蚀时间不超过6 h时,2A12铝合金样品在EXCO溶液中的腐蚀类型主要为点蚀,随着时间的延长,将向全面腐蚀发展。粗糙度值高的试件表面有打磨时形成的较深表面纹理,这些纹理制约了点蚀坑的扩展,使蚀坑沿纹理的方向发展,有演化为微裂纹的可能性,蚀坑边界的不规则处也会萌生微裂纹。粗糙度值较小的样品,腐蚀损伤也较小,但粗糙度对腐蚀损伤的影响随时间的延长而减弱。结论常温下,2A12铝合金在EXCO溶液中首先发生点蚀,由于蚀坑向四周扩展的速度快于深度方向,使腐蚀类型从点蚀向全面腐蚀演变。表面粗糙度对2A12铝合金样品腐蚀损伤形貌的演化有重要影响,表面微观几何特征通过制约蚀坑扩展方向的方式来改变样品的腐蚀行为,并造成腐蚀损伤的明显差异。随着腐蚀时间的延长,材料逐渐失去其原有表面微观几何特征,表面粗糙度对腐蚀行为的影响下降。     

冷冻PN/A颗粒污泥快速活化过程中的污泥形态与菌群演化特征分析

接种颗粒污泥是快速启动高性能自养脱氮反应器的有效方法之一.为建立污泥活化与反应器效能的响应关系,在连续流反应器中接种冷冻储存的颗粒污泥,并采用高负荷和高水力选择压的调控策略,在34 d内成功启动了部分亚硝化/厌氧氨氧化(PN/A)一体化系统.反应器总氮去除率大于83％,总氮去除负荷稳定在1.67 kg·(m3·d)-1...     

喀斯特地区白三叶形态和遗传多样性研究

白三叶（Trifolium repens）的形态学特征随利用年限的增加而进化,单株叶数、生长点数、中叶长、中叶长宽比以及种群内个体之间变异性随着年限的增加而增加,而叶层高度、中叶宽则下降。三个不同年龄草地的平均单株叶质量、根质量、地上生物量、地上生物量与地下生物量的比值等指标数值接近,差异不显著。但是,与茎有关的指标如茎质量等差异显著,匍匐茎生物量随年限的增加而增加,以回避动物采食等干扰,并有利于占据动态空斑而增加种群的持久性。100年白三叶的等位基因数没有20年的高,意味着年限越长的种群以少数大克隆体占优势。     

蚕豆根尖微核技术的方法学新论

虽然蚕豆根尖微核技术已是一个成熟规范的检测污染物遗传毒性的方法,但其中仍涉及一些重要的方法学问题值得深入探讨和研究。本文在图示正确观测蚕豆根尖细胞内微核和染色体畸变,如染色体断裂、丢失及染色体桥等的基础上,提出应该对蚕豆根尖分裂相细胞及其染色体畸变进行观测,以便更加准确、细致地反映污染物作用的剂量-效应关系和分子机制。同时还就该方法的其他重要问题提出了自己的观点,供同行们深入探讨和研究,使之不断完善,更好地服务于环境监测和风险评价等领域。     

湿地挺水植物根系土壤中的磷形态变化与分析

以野鸭湖湿地中扁秆藨草、芦苇和茭白3种优势挺水植物为研究对象,利用化学连续提取法对根际和非根际土壤中不同形态无机磷和有机磷进行分级提取,分析了不同形态磷的含量特点和分布规律,探讨了植物对磷素的潜在吸收机制.结果表明,根际Ca-P含量均显著低于非根际,Ex-P、Fe-P和Oc-P相反.4种形态有机磷含量均为根际高于非根际,表现出累积的趋势.根际Ca-P/TP值显著小于非根际,说明植物将有效性低的Ca-P形态大量转化为其他形态无机磷以供自身利用;根际HR-OP/TP值小于非根际,而MR-OP/TP大于非根际,表明稳定有机磷形态有向活性高的有机磷转化的趋势;TIP/TP均为根际小于非根际,而TOP/TP根际大于非根际,推测根系在吸收利用磷素的过程中主要吸收无机磷,同时积聚大量有机磷供转化后利用.     

Renal lesions in Greenland sledge dogs ( Canis familiaris ) exposed to a natural dietary cocktail of persistent organic pollutants

Persistent organic pollutants such as Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) and dichloro diphenyl trichloroethane (DDT) are known to exert various adverse health effects in wildlife mammals. The impact from dietary intake of minke whale (Balaenoptera acutorostrata) blubber high in organohalogen and other chemical contaminants on renal morphology and function was investigated via a controlled study on West Greenland sledge dogs (Canis familiaris). Our results showed significantly higher frequencies of glomerular, tubular, and interstitial lesions in the exposed group. Furthermore, higher urine protein?:?creatinine ratio and plasma urea levels were found in the exposed group, which indicated a negative impact on kidney function via tubular and glomerular dysfunctions. The lesions were similar to those observed in top predator marine species–such as seals and polar bears–and humans exposed via diet to persistent environmental pollutants. The lesions may have impacts on the overall health of these animals. It is reasonable to suggest that chronic exposure to organic pollutants via a country diet of high trophic level marine organisms may have an impact on renal morphology and function in Arctic apex predators in general as well as Inuit people.