张家口市万全区某种植区土壤重金属污染评价与来源分析

以张家口市万全区某蔬菜种植区土壤为研究对象,采集132件表层和80件深层土壤样品,测试分析As、 Cd、 Cr、 Hg、 Cu、 Ni、 Pb和Zn等8种重金属元素含量以及Cr和Ni赋存形态.综合应用地统计学分析和PMF受体模型,并结合3种重金属污染评价方法,摸清了研究区土壤重金属空间分布特征、重金属污染程度和垂向上Cr和Ni赋存形态的分布情况,探析了土壤重金属污染源和贡献率.结果表明,表层土壤重金属Cd和Pb含量平均值均高于河北省土壤背景值,表层土壤Cr、 Ni、 Cu, Cd、 Pb和Zn空间分布特征存在相似性.地累积指数法表明研究区以无污染为主,分布少量轻污染点位,以Cd污染点居多;富集因子法表明研究区主要以无-弱污染为主,各元素均存在中污染情况,背景区显著污染元素为As、 Pb和Hg,重点区中显著污染元素为Cd;潜在生态风险指数法表明研究区以轻污染为主,局部分布“中”和“强”风险点,背景区Hg存在“很强”风险点,重点区Cd存在“很强”风险点.这3种评价结果表明背景区以Cd和Hg污染为主,而重点区则以Cd污染为主.垂向土壤赋存形态研究表明Cr以残渣态(F4)为主,可氧化态(F3)...     

Effect of BPA on the germination,root development,seedling growth and leaf differentiation under different light conditions in Arabidopsis thaliana

Bisphenol A (BPA) is a well-known environmental toxic substance, which exerts unfavorable effects through endocrine disruptor (ER)-dependent and ER-independent mechanisms to threaten ecological systems seriously. BPA may also interact with other environmental factors, such as light and heavy metals, to have a synergetic effect in plants. However, there is little data concerning the toxic effect of BPA on the primary producers-plants and its possible interaction with light-dependent response. Here, the effects of BPA on germination, fresh weight, tap root length, and leaf differentiation were studied in Arabidopsis thaliana under different parts of light spectrum (dark, red, yellow, green, blue, and white light). Our results showed that low-dose BPA (1.0, 5.0 μM) caused an increase in the fresh weight, the tap root length and the lateral root formation of A. thaliana seedlings, while high-dose BPA (10.0, 25.0 μM) show an inhibition effect in a dose-dependent manner. Unlike karrikins, the effects of BPA on germination fresh weight and tap roots length under various light conditions are similar, which imply that BPA has no notable role in priming light response in germination and early seedling growth in A. thaliana. Meanwhile, BPA exposure influences the differentiation of A. thaliana leaf blade significantly in a light-dependent manner with little to no effect in dark and clear effect under red illumination.     

苯并[α]芘对海洋微藻生长及细胞特征的影响

采用急性毒性实验方法,研究了苯并[α]芘(B[α]P)对3种海洋微藻生长和细胞特征的影响。结果表明,B[α]P对3种海洋微藻生长的抑制呈显著的时间-剂量效应,其96 h半数效应浓度依次为:湛江等鞭金藻17.00μg/L,塔溪堤等鞭金藻25.18μg/L,牟氏角毛藻83.06μg/L。高浓度B[α]P胁迫96 h后,3种海洋微藻细胞体积和细胞内容物颗粒均有增加,而藻细胞叶绿素含量却随着B[α]P浓度的增加而降低。这一研究说明,B[α]P对微藻细胞形态及光合能力均能造成明显影响,并可抑制藻细胞数量的增长。B[α]P对藻细胞的抑制作用存在种的差异性,相对来说,金藻类微藻对B[α]P更为敏感。     

基于数字处理技术的航空铝合金材料孔蚀率计算研究

通过航空LD2材料的加速腐蚀试验,获取该材料试件不同腐蚀周期的腐蚀形貌图像,对腐蚀形貌图像进行基于数字处理技术的一系列处理,最终通过二值特征提取方法得到二值化腐蚀图像,并依据二值化结果计算LD2材料不同腐蚀周期的孔蚀率。计算结果表明,此种方法得到的孔蚀率变化规律与该材料的电化学腐蚀机理较为吻合,并且该方法克服了传统方法计算孔蚀率精确性差的问题,为航空铝合金的孔蚀率计算及相关分析提供了新思路。     

Interception of dry and wet deposited radionuclides by vegetation

Interception of dry and wet deposited radionuclides by vegetation is a key process in radioecological models that assess ingestion doses to the population following releases of radionuclides to the atmosphere. Radionuclides may be deposited during precipitation or as dry particles. Interception of wet deposited radionuclides is the result of a complex interaction of the vegetative development of the plant canopy, the amount of rainfall, and the chemical form of radionuclides. For the interception of dry deposits, particle size is a key parameter; interception is more effective for small particles and reactive gases. Due to the dependence on plant development, interception of both dry and wet deposits is subject to pronounced seasonality.     

Changes in susceptibility of beech (Fagus sylvatica) seedlings towards Phytophthora citricola under the influence of elevated atmospheric CO2 and nitrogen fertilization

The growth-differentiation balance hypothesis (GDBH) predicts changes in susceptibility of plants against herbivores with changing resource availability. In the presented study we tested the validity of the GDBH for trees infected with a root pathogen. For this purpose Fagus sylvatica seedlings grown under different atmospheric CO₂- and soil nitrogen regimes were infected with the root pathogen Phytophthora citricola. High nitrogen supply increased total biomass of beech regardless of the CO₂-treatment, whereas elevated CO₂ enhanced biomass only in the high nitrogen treatment. The responses of beech under the different growing regimes to the Phytophthora root infection were not in line with the predictions of the GDBH. Enhanced susceptibility of beech against P. citricola was found in seedlings grown under elevated CO₂ and low nitrogen supply. Fifteen months after inoculation these plants were characterized by enhanced water use efficiency, by altered root-shoot ratios, and by enhanced specific root tip densities.     

Theoretical analysis of change in forest carbon use efficiency with stand development: A case study on Hinoki Cypress (Chamaecyparis obtusa (Sieb. et Zucc.) Endl.) plantation from the seedling stage

Changes in carbon use efficiency (CUE), which is defined as the ratio of net primary production (NPP) to gross primary production (GPP), were estimated for the aerial parts of the Hinoki Cypress (Chamaecyparis obtusa (Sieb. et Zucc.) Endl.) with respect to stand development. The analysis incorporated previously published data from the early stages of stand development, namely the seedling stages of the cypress. For this analysis, a simple mathematical model to assess the changes in CUE was developed by incorporating data on physiological variables and mass of woody species. The CUE tended to increase with increases in the aboveground biomass of the stand, and then decreased gradually despite increases in the aboveground biomass. The CUE-value (0.28, 0.39) of the seedling stage was lower than that (0.33-0.58) of the young or mature trees. To examine the effect of physiological variables and mass on CUE, the ratios of the specific respiration rate to the specific photosynthetic rate (r/a) and the leaf biomass to the aboveground biomass or leaf mass ratio (y_L/y_T) were calculated. The low value of CUE at the seedling stage was due to the high ratio of specific respiration rate to specific photosynthetic rate r/a, but was not due to the high value of the leaf mass ratio y_L/y_T. In addition, the decline in CUE associated with older stages of stand development was due to the decreasing changes in y_L/y_T, and the r/a ratio did not influence the change in CUE.     

基于灰度形态学和小波变换的淤泥质潮滩水边线提取

平坦的海岸带淤泥质潮滩水边线是模糊的水陆边界，在遥感图像上呈现复杂的边缘，特征获得连续、准确的水边线轮廓是水边线自动提取过程中的难点之一。以长江口崇明东滩为例，选取两景有代表性的Landsat TM影像，采用灰度形态学方法对图像进行预处理，然后采用小波模极大值法获取不同尺度下的水边线轮廓，解决了高细节区边缘的破碎问题，实现了淤泥质海岸带潮滩模糊边界的水边线自动提取。     

农村居民点多维形态空间格局与耦合类型

农村居民点空间形态的系统认识与分类研究是乡村整治和科学实施乡村振兴的重要基础。以北京市平谷区为研究区域,从规模、结构和功能三个维度构建农村居民点形态识别指标,使用多因素综合评价法得到275个行政村的规模强度、结构合理度和功能协调度,借助ArcGIS和GeoDa依次对三者进行空间关联分析,进而基于三维特征划分出8种农村居民点耦合类型。结果表明：（1）平谷区农村居民点规模强度、结构合理度和功能协调度在空间上均存在空间集聚的正相关性,空间分布分别呈现“递进式”“圈层式”和“镶嵌式”格局。（2）平谷区农村居民点多维形态的地域差异性显著,全区62.8%的村庄表现为低强度,51.3%的村庄表现为结构不合理,61.4%的村庄表现为功能不协调。（3）平谷区以T1-S1-F2型（高强度—合理—不协调型）和T1-S2-F2型（高强度—不合理—不协调型）的农村居民点为主,两者共占农村居民点总量的60.1%,前者主要分布在距离城区较近的乡镇,后者主要分布在距离城区较远的北部、西南部和东部的山地丘陵区。（4）规模强度高、结构不合理、功能不协调的农村居民点类型是平谷区乡村协同发展的主要障碍,政策制度、技术工程、产业扶持等差别化治理模式是推进农村居民点可持续性利用和乡村振兴的关键。     

燃用生物柴油对柴油机颗粒生成和排放特性研究进展

为深入研究生物柴油对柴油机颗粒排放的影响,在总结国内外相关研究进展的基础上,通过研究生物柴油的化学组成和物理特性,讨论了生物柴油产生颗粒的特殊性及其对环境的影响.在此基础上,从PAHs（polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons,多环芳烃）的形成途径角度简要分析了生物柴油颗粒形成的机理,并从生物柴油的3个关键性质入手,分析了其对颗粒排放的规律和影响.最后,以实际柴油机运行时的5项参数为基础,讨论柴油机实际使用生物柴油对颗粒排放的影响.结果表明:①不同材料和产地生物柴油的理化特性和对颗粒排放的影响有很大不同,但总体有利于减少对人体和环境的有害排放.②生物柴油将改变颗粒形成过程中半挥发性物质在微晶核表面的吸附,富氧作用也使燃烧热解后生成的颗粒尺寸更小,减少40%~50%;同时,纳米结构上的变化增加了生物柴油颗粒的反应活性,形成了更多30 nm以内的核态模式颗粒,更容易被人体吸收.③脂肪酸链的长度、不饱和度和含氧量对生物柴油颗粒排放量的减少发挥了重要作用,而柴油机参数的不同也对生物柴油的颗粒排放十分重要.④生物柴油对颗粒生成机理的关键在于复杂的含碳前驱物的生成路径.使用生物柴油总体上可减少前驱物的排放量,其主要成分为四元环和五元环,占总排放量的58.70%以上,但苯并蒽和?分别上升了44%和340%.研究显示,柴油机燃用生物柴油对颗粒排放有积极的一面,但在超细颗粒和某些特定前驱物控制上仍需引起高度重视.