锈层对船体钢耐腐蚀性能影响研究

选择5种不同类型的船体钢,在3%(质量分数)NaCl溶液中浸泡1 a,用金相显微镜观察内、外锈层形貌特征和腐蚀形貌,分析锈层下钢的腐蚀特征;记录自腐蚀电位(OCP)的变化,评价锈层对腐蚀倾向性的影响;利用电子探针(EMPA)分析锈层的形貌和内锈层元素分布;通过计算质量损失得到钢的平均腐蚀速率。结果表明,外锈层对钢腐蚀的影响较小;内锈层的缺陷与钢腐蚀形貌中的腐蚀坑对应;当钢中的Ni和Cr元素含量较高时,由于Cr元素在其内锈层和基体交界面富集,其平均腐蚀速率最小。     

水稻幼苗对纳米氧化铜的吸收及根系形态生理特征响应

以纳米氧化铜nano-CuO(10, 100mg/L)为研究对象,以微米氧化铜micron-CuO(10, 100mg/L)及铜离子Cu2+(1.4, 2.3mg/L)为对照,通过水培实验,探讨水稻对nano-CuO的吸收积累及其根系形态和生理特征响应.结果表明,各浓度(10, 100mg/L)nano-CuO处理条件下,水稻根部及地上部铜含量(根351~1444mg/kg dw;地上部9~45mg/kg dw)总体高于micron-CuO处理(根248~817mg/kg dw;地上部1.57~1.60mg/kg dw)及Cu2+处理(根147~220mg/kg dw;地上部14~26mg/kg dw),且在水稻幼苗根及茎透射电镜图片中均观察到nano-CuO的存在,指示水稻可通过纳米颗粒的形式吸收、转运nano-CuO. Nano-CuO在水稻根细胞中主要存在于核内体中,指示内吞作用是其进入根细胞的主要方式. Nano-CuO对水稻幼苗根系有较强的毒性作用,对各根系形态指标的抑制率为28%~74%,其中总根长、根体积和比表面积为最敏感;nano-CuO的吸收累积及纳米效应是其水稻根系毒性的主要原因.低浓度nano-CuO (10mg/L)胁迫时,水稻幼苗根系活力显著提高,总吸收面积和活跃吸收面积无显著差异;高浓度nano-CuO (100mg/L)胁迫时,水稻幼苗根系活力和总吸收面积显著降低.     

冷冻PN/A颗粒污泥快速活化过程中的污泥形态与菌群演化特征分析

接种颗粒污泥是快速启动高性能自养脱氮反应器的有效方法之一.为建立污泥活化与反应器效能的响应关系,在连续流反应器中接种冷冻储存的颗粒污泥,并采用高负荷和高水力选择压的调控策略,在34 d内成功启动了部分亚硝化/厌氧氨氧化(PN/A)一体化系统.反应器总氮去除率大于83％,总氮去除负荷稳定在1.67 kg·(m3·d)-1...     

PACS的形态及电导特性研究

借助于透射电镜技术观察了PACS的聚合形态考察了电导率随碱化度（r）.加入的摩尔比及熟化时间的变化情况,研究了熟化时间对PACS电中和能力及絮凝效果的影响。实验结果表明的加入可提高聚合氯化铝的聚合度,PACS聚合物的聚合度随着r的提高及熟化时间的增长而增大,PACS的电中和能力随着熟化时间的延长而下降,PACS溶液（Al~（1+）含量为0.18mol/L）的电导在摩尔比为12时达最大值,并且随着熟化时间的延长出现先升高后下降的趋势。     

聚合氯化铝中纳米Al13形态的分离纯化及形态表征

采用超滤法和层析法分离纯化聚合氯化铝(PAC)中的Al₁₃形态,并采用Al-Ferron逐时络合比色法、²⁷Al-NMR、TEM和粒度测定仪对分离纯化所得的Al₁₃形态进行了分析和表征.研究结果表明,超滤法分离纯化的效果受超滤膜的孔径及PAC浓度的影响,选择合适孔径的膜和PAC溶液浓度即可以获得高纯度的Al₁₃,在层析法中则随着洗脱时间延长按分子的大小依次洗脱下来,因此截取中间组分即可得到Al₁₃;Al-Ferron逐时络合比色法和²⁷Al-NMR的分析结果表明,采用上述2种方法分离提纯得到的样品中Al₁₃的含量分别可达到90%以上和100%.TEM和粒度测定结果表明,在B=2.5的PAC溶液中,Al₁₃极少以Al₁₂AlO₄(OH)₂₄(H₂O)⁷⁺₁₂的单体形态存在,而是呈两维结构的线性和枝状的聚集体,Al₁₂AlO₄(OH)₂₄(H₂O)⁷⁺₁₂的聚集体尺寸通常在几十至几百nm.     

北京市西北城区取暖期环境大气中PM10的物理化学特征

根据监测资料探讨了北京市西北城区取暖期PM10 的逐日变化规律和日变化规律 .分别使用X射线衍射仪(XRD)和扫描电镜 (SEM)研究PM10 中的矿物成分及其微观形貌特征 .结果表明夜间PM10 浓度普遍高于白天 .XRD分析显示颗粒物粒度越细 ,其中所含的矿物种类越少 .SEM研究得出 ,单个PM10 颗粒类型可初步分为有链状集合体、簇状集合体、圆球状、片状和不规则形状等 5类 .从数量上看 ,PM10 主要来自燃煤和汽车尾气     

A flux-based assessment of the effects of ozone on foliar injury, photosynthesis, and yield of bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L. cv. Borlotto Nano Lingua di Fuoco) in open-top chambers

Stomatal ozone uptake, determined with the Jarvis' approach, was related to photosynthetic efficiency assessed by chlorophyll fluorescence and reflectance measurements in open-top chamber experiments on Phaseolus vulgaris. The effects of O₃ exposure were also evaluated in terms of visible and microscopical leaf injury and plant productivity. Results showed that microscopical leaf symptoms, assessed as cell death and H₂O₂ accumulation, preceded by 3-4 days the appearance of visible symptoms. An effective dose of ozone stomatal flux for visible leaf damages was found around 1.33 mmol O₃ m⁻². Significant linear dose-response relationships were obtained between accumulated fluxes and optical indices (PRI, NDI, ΔF/F_m^′). The negative effects on photosynthesis reduced plant productivity, affecting the number of pods and seeds, but not seed weight. These results, besides contributing to the development of a flux-based ozone risk assessment for crops in Europe, highlight the potentiality of reflectance measurements for the early detection of ozone stress.     

Responses of herbaceous plants to urban air pollution: Effects on growth, phenology and leaf surface characteristics

Vehicle exhaust emissions are a dominant feature of urban environments and are widely believed to have detrimental effects on plants. The effects of diesel exhaust emissions on 12 herbaceous species were studied with respect to growth, flower development, leaf senescence and leaf surface wax characteristics. A diesel generator was used to produce concentrations of nitrogen oxides (NO_x) representative of urban conditions, in solardome chambers. Annual mean NO_x concentrations ranged from 77 nl l^−l to 98 nl l⁻¹, with NO:NO₂ ratios of 1.4-2.2, providing a good experimental simulation of polluted roadside environments. Pollutant exposure resulted in species-specific changes in growth and phenology, with a consistent trend for accelerated senescence and delayed flowering. Leaf surface characteristics were also affected; contact angle measurements indicated changes in surface wax structure following pollutant exposure. The study demonstrated clearly the potential for realistic levels of vehicle exhaust pollution to have direct adverse effects on urban vegetation.