奎屯-独山子石化区夏季和秋季PM2.5形貌及矿物组成

PM2.5是城市大气的主要污染物,对人体健康危害巨大。研究PM2.5的形貌特征及矿物组成有助于解析PM2.5的来源和贡献及评估PM2.5对人体健康的风险。利用高分辨率场发射扫描电镜(FESEM)和能谱(SEM-EDX)对以石化为支柱产业的奎屯-独山子石化区域生活区和工业区的夏季、秋季PM2.5的形貌和矿物类型进行了分析。结果表明,奎屯-独山子的PM2.5主要包括矿物颗粒(规则矿物、不规则矿物)、烟尘集合体、球形颗粒(燃煤飞灰和二次粒子)、其他颗粒(生物质、未知颗粒)等4种类型,其中矿物颗粒在数量上和体积上均占优势。夏季规则矿物颗粒较多。从元素组成分析看,夏季PM2.5有"富Si"、"富Al"、"富Fe"、"富Ca"、"富Cu"、"富Zn"等类型,秋季PM2.5有"富Si"、"富Ca"、"富Fe"、"富Zn"、"富Cu"、"富Ti"、"富Ba"等类型,2个季节均以"富Si"颗粒占优势,表明道路扬尘、燃油飞灰、燃煤飞灰、工业粉尘、机动车尾气尘、城市扬尘等污染源是奎屯-独山子石化区夏季和秋季大气污染的主要来源。     

三峡库区重庆段城市空间扩展及形态时空演变研究

由于时代的局限性以及地理单元的独特性,以往城市空间结构理论的研究热点多集中于经济较为发达的东部地区或特大型城市,对于欠发达西部地区的中小城市关注不够。基于RS与GIS技术,通过1995年、2000年、2005年、2010年、2015年5期TM遥感影像提取城市建成区数据,利用城市空间扩展强度和速度指数、紧凑度、分形维数及形状指数对三峡库区重庆段20 a间城市空间扩展及形态演变定量分析。得出以下结论及建议:(1)随着时间增长,城市空间扩展强度及速度总体呈上升趋势,紧凑度持续降低,城市建成区面积逐年递增,城市扩展极不稳定;(2)城市空间形态受重大事件影响易发生"突变",随着时间的沉淀,空间形态再发生"整合";(3)1997年重庆直辖以来,前10 a的移民安置工程为城市形态的"突变"提供了良好契机。2007年之后,在经济发展作为城市空间扩展的核心动力支撑下,研究区城市扩展主流模式侧重于沿一到两个方向扩展,形成"一心两辅"的发展态势;(4)在未来城市发展规划中,应坚持可持续发展理念、合理规划用地布局,优化产业结构,加强环境保护,避免"边发展、边污染"的被动局面,同时结合自身交通运输条件的优势,在各个方向上形成依附在中心城镇周围的腹地并作为未来扩展的基础,构建副中心城市,将城市形态有序沿城市发展中心蔓延,形成"一核多翼"的发展态势。     

Methyl chloride emissions from halophyte leaf litter: dependence on temperature and chloride content

Methyl chloride (CH₃Cl) is the most abundant natural chlorine containing compound in the atmosphere, and responsible for a significant fraction of stratospheric ozone destruction. Understanding the global CH₃Cl budget is therefore of great importance. However, the strength of the individual sources and sinks is still uncertain. Leaf litter is a potentially important source of methyl chloride, but factors controlling the emissions are unclear. This study investigated CH₃Cl emissions from leaf litter of twelve halophyte species. The emissions were not due to biological activity, and emission rates varied between halophyte species up to two orders of magnitude. For all species, the CH₃Cl emission rates increased with temperature following the Arrhenius relation. Activation energies were similar for all investigated plant species, indicating that even though emissions vary largely between plant species, their response to changing temperatures is similar. The chloride and methoxyl group contents of the leaf litter samples were determined, but those parameters were not significantly correlated to the CH₃Cl emission rate.     

Early changes in the fatty acid composition of photosynthetic membrane lipids from Populus nigra grown on a metallurgical landfill

We compared the fatty acid composition of leaves taken from poplars on a metal-contaminated landfill, and on the uncontaminated roadside bordering this site. For the first time, it is shown that the percentage of linolenic acid, which is mainly associated with thylakoid lipids, was significantly lower in tree species within the landfill than within the control area. A correlation study was carried out to investigate relationships between the C18:3/(C18:0 + C18:1 + C18:2) fatty acid ratios and the metal contents in soils and leaves. Lead and chromium leaf contents were significantly negatively correlated to this fatty acid ratio. The impact of each of these metals remains difficult to evaluate, but chromium in leaf likely plays a major role in toxicity. In addition, the decrease in the C18:3/(C18:0 + C18:1 + C18:2) fatty acid ratio occurred at low leaf metal content, and therefore it is shown that this ratio can be used as an early indicator of the effect of metals.     

上流式厌氧污泥床反应器中厌氧氨氧化脱氮性能的研究

研究了上流式厌氧污泥床(UASB)反应器中厌氧氨氧化工艺的脱氮性能。接种体积比为1∶1的已驯化半年的厌氧氨氧化污泥混培物和城市污水处理厂回流污泥,采用提高基质浓度和缩短水力停留时间(HRT)2种方式提高UASB反应器的脱氮性能。结果发现,2种方式结合可在UASB反应器中获得较高的脱氮速率,经过280d后,最高总氮去除速率达到5.16kg/(m3·d)。缩短HRT并未对UASB反应器的脱氮效果产生不良影响,反而强化了脱氮性能。HRT由0.4d缩短至0.2d时,总氮去除速率由1.89kg/(m3·d)增加到3.66kg/(m3·d)。形成的颗粒污泥中的细菌的细胞形态不规则,内部有厌氧氨氧化体,为典型厌氧氨氧化菌结构特征。污泥的比基质转化速率为3.15kg/(kg·d)。经16SrDNA检测,污泥中的厌氧氨氧化菌属于"Candidatus Kuenenia"属。     

Male genital traits and mating interval affect male fertilization success in the water strider Gerris lacustris

Parker's seminal work brought attention to the possibility of postmating sexual selection by non-random fertilization success. Mechanisms for these processes are still only partly understood and there is clearly a need for more studies of intraspecific variation in sperm precedence. Here, we report results from an experimental study of the variation in fertilization success between males of the water strider Gerris lacustris. Genital morphology, male body size, and copulation duration were examined as possible correlates of paternity. The significance of guarding duration was also analysed. Only male genital morphology was correlated to fertilization success. This is one of the first studies showing a relationship between male genital traits and fertilization success, supporting the view that sexual selection may be responsible for the rapid and divergent evolution of genital structures in animals with internal fertilization. The fertilization success of last males varied considerably after double matings with a short mating interval (10 min). Last-male priority ranged from 0 to 100% and usually one of the males involved fertilized almost all the eggs. After double matings with a short mating interval, the proportion of eggs fertilized by the last male averaged 0.68 and was greater than 0.5. In contrast, the average fertilization success was biased towards the first male when the matings were more spread out over time (24 h). These results do not support earlier suggestions of a widespread last-male sperm priority in water striders. Received: 28 July 1998 / Received in revised form: 15 March 1999 / Accepted: 28 March 1999     

TIMBER HARVEST IMPACTS ON SMALL HEADWATER STREAM CHANNELS IN THE COAST RANGES OF WASHINGTON1

ABSTRACT: We evaluated changes in channel habitat distributions, particle‐size distributions of bed material, and stream temperatures in a total of 15 first‐or second‐order streams within and nearby four planned commercial timber harvest units prior to and following timber harvest. Four of the 15 stream basins were not harvested, and these streams served as references. Three streams were cut with unthinned riparian buffers; one was cut with a partial buffer; one was cut with a buffer of non‐merchantable trees; and the remaining six basins were clearcut to the channel edge. In the clearcut streams, logging debris covered or buried 98 percent of the channel length to an average depth of 0.94 meters. The slash trapped fine sediment in the channel by inhibiting fluvial transport, and the average percentage of fines increased from 12 percent to 44 percent. The trees along buffered streams served as a fence to keep out logging debris during the first summer following timber harvest. Particle size distributions and habitat distributions in the buffered and reference streams were largely unchanged from the pre‐harvest to post‐harvest surveys. The debris that buried the clearcut streams effectively shaded most of these streams and protected them from temperature increases. These surveys have documented immediate channel changes due to timber harvest, but channel conditions will evolve over time as the slash decays and becomes redistributed and as new vegetation develops on the channel margins.     

CHANGING NEAR‐STREAM LAND USE AND RWER CHANNEL MORPHOLOGY IN THE VENEZUELAN ANDES1

ABSTRACT: The shape of a river channel is linked to surrounding land use through interacting hydrologic and geologic processes. This study analyzes the relationship between the change in near‐stream land use and the shape of the adjacent river channel over time. Three watersheds in the foothills of the Venezuelan Andes that have experienced differing degrees of development were studied to determine river channel width, sinuosity, and position relative to surrounding land use. Change in land use over time was obtained from multiple‐date aerial photographs (1946 and 1980) referenced to 1996 Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) satellite imagery, and verified by field inspection. Measurements of land‐use type and amount and river channel morphology from the two dates were made using geographic information system (GIS) methods. The three watersheds differed in the extent of deforestation, the location of remaining forested land, and how much land‐use change had already occurred by 1946. Change in river channel morphology was greatest at the most deforested sites. Valley shape and channel constraint also had a discernible effect on change in channel morphology. This study introduces a method for analyzing change in coupled terrestrial‐aquatic systems based on multiple‐date, remotely sensed data and GIS analysis of spatial properties. The results document human impacts on river channels through a comparison of multiple watersheds over a 35‐year time interval.     

土壤中锰赋存形态的地域性差异研究

用连续分级浸提法研究了我国南北方土壤中锰赋存形态的各自特点和两者的差异，并探讨了造成锰有效性差别的直接原因。     

Effect of Crystalline and Amorphous Structures on Biodegradability of Poly(Tetramethylene Succinate)

The effect of orientation in the amorphous and crystalline regions on the biodegradability of PTMS [poly(tetramethylene succinate)] was studied using the amorphous orientation function, birefringence, and crystallinity. The crystalline and amorphous intrinsic lateral sonic moduli, E _t,c ⁰ and E _t,am ⁰ , were 2.61 × 10³ and 0.41 × 10³ MPa, respectively. Using the data on birefringence, crystalline and amorphous orientation function (f and f _am), crystallinity, and sonic modulus of the oriented PTMS fibers, the intrinsic birefringence of the crystalline ( _c ⁰ ) and amorphous ( _am ⁰ ) regions were evaluated to be 0.0561 and 0.0634, respectively. The biodegradabilities of oriented PTMS films were reduced as the elongation increased, i.e., the amorphous orientation increased. At low elongation (100 and 150%), however, biodegradabilities remained unchanged when the degradation test was performed in activated sludge, which was attributed to the amorphous orientation occurring even at 100% elongation, though the amorphous orientation direction was perpendicular to the fiber axis.