PRECISION OF CHANNEL WIDTH AND POOL AREA MEASUREMENTS1

ABSTRACT: The precision of width and pool area measurements has rarely been considered in relation to downstream or at section hydraulic geometry, fisheries studies, long-term or along a continuum research studies, or agency monitoring techniques. We assessed this precision and related it to other stream morphologic characteristics. Confidence limits (95 percent) around mean estimates with four transects (cross-sections perpendicular to the channel center-line) ranged from ± 0.4 to 1.8 m on streams with a width of only 2.2 m. To avoid autocorrelation, transects should be spaced about three channel widths apart. To avoid stochastic inhomogeneity, reach length should be about 30 channel widths or ten transects to optimize sampling efficiency. Precision of width measurements decreased with decreased depth and increased with stream size. Both observations reflect variability caused by features such as boulders or coarse woody debris. Pool area precision increased with pool area reflecting increased precision for flat, wide streams with regular pool-rime sequences. The least precision occurred on small, steep streams with random, boulder or coarse woody debris formed pools.     

氨氮对反硝化型甲烷厌氧氧化细菌的影响机理研究

反硝化型甲烷厌氧氧化(Denitrifying Anaerobic Methane Oxidation,DAMO)是以甲烷为电子供体和唯一碳源,以硝酸盐或亚硝酸盐为电子受体的一种氧化还原反应,可用于废水脱氮,而氨氮是含氮废水中存在的主要形式.目前的研究认为主导DAMO过程的微生物主要有DAMO细菌和DAMO古菌.本文以DAMO细菌为优势菌种的系统为研究对象,通过短期和长期试验,从宏观和微观上研究了氨氮对该系统短期和长期的影响,并比较了不同pH体系下影响效果差异,揭示了相关影响机理.短期试验研究表明,氨氮对该系统的安全浓度为250 mg·L~(-1).当氨氮浓度为500 mg·L~(-1)时,对该系统的脱氮效率造成明显的抑制作用,并且随着浓度、时间的增加,氨氮对其的抑制效果增强;不同pH条件下抑制效果的差异对比发现,在碱性条件下,真正起抑制作用的是氨氮的质子化形式FA(Free Ammonia),在中性及酸性条件下,真正起抑制作用的抑制因子是离子化的NH_4~+.通过扫描电镜对系统中絮状污泥分析发现,在氨氮的短期抑制后,系统内的微生物出现了明显皱缩,丝状菌的数量增加;采用高通量测序技术分析了长期氨氮抑制后的系统,结果显示,系统内菌群结构发生较大改变,物种的多样性和丰度都大大降低.通过菌属分析认为,系统脱氮效率的降低是由于Methylomonas(甲基单胞菌属)数量的减少引起的.     

炼焦工序颗粒物排放特征

为探究钢铁企业炼焦工序各排放源颗粒物的排放特征,根据固定污染源排气中颗粒物测定与气态污染物采样方法,使用崂应3012H自动烟尘(气)测试仪和安德森分级采样器对某钢铁企业炼焦工序的装煤/推焦、干熄焦排气、筛焦转运等环节的颗粒物排放源进行现场采样.将不同排放源的颗粒物分别进行了微观形貌、粒径分布和化学成分分析.结果表明,各排放源单颗粒分为富铁、富硅、富钙、炭质和烟气聚合体这5种类型,外观上主要呈多角块状、不规则层片、团状和絮状4种形态;装煤/推焦排放颗粒物的粒径集中在3.3~4.7μm,干熄焦排气为3.3~4.7μm和5.8~9.0μm,筛焦转运为4.7~5.8μm;炼焦工序各排放源颗粒物的主要化学成分为C、Si O_2、Al_2O_3、S、Ca O、TFe,质量分数分别为76.30%~81.30%、5.36%~5. 91%、3. 96%~4. 26%、1. 15%~1. 34%、0. 52%~1. 59%、0. 81%~1. 34%.     

Enantioselective effects of imazethapyr residues on Arabidopsis thaliana metabolic profile and phyllosphere microbial communities

Imazethapyr (IM) is a widely used acetolactate synthase-inhibiting chiral herbicide. It has long-term residuals that may be absorbed by the human body through the edible parts of plants, such as vegetable leaves or fruits. Here, we selected a model plant, Arabidopsis thaliana, to determine the effects of R-IM and S-IM on its leaf structure, photosynthetic efficiency, and metabolites, as well as the structures of microorganisms in the phyllosphere, after 7 days of exposure. Our results indicated enantiomeric differences in plant growth between R-IM and S-IM; 133 µg/kg R-IM showed heavier inhibition of photosynthetic efficiency and greater changes to subcellular structure than S-IM. R-IM and S-IM also had different effects on metabolism and leaf microorganisms. S-IM mainly increased lipid compounds and decreased amino acids, while R-IM increased sugar accumulation. The relative abundance of Moraxellaceae human pathogenic bacteria was increased by R-IM treatment, indicating that R-IM treatment may increase leaf surface pathogenic bacteria. Our research provides a new perspective for evaluating the harmfulness of pesticide residues in soil, phyllosphere microbiome changes via the regulation of plant metabolism, and induced pathogenic bacterial accumulation risks.     

WATERSHED IMPERVIOUSNESS IMPACTS ON STREAM CHANNEL CONDITION IN SOUTHEASTERN PENNSYLVANIA1

ABSTRACT: Forty‐six independent stream reaches in southeastern Pennsylvania were surveyed to assess the relationships between geomorphic and habitat variables and watershed total impervious area (TIA) and to test the ability of the impervious cover model (ICM) to predict the impervious category based on stream reach variables. Ten variables were analyzed using simple and multivariate statistical techniques including scatter‐plots, Spearman's Rank correlations, principal components analysis (PCA), and discriminant analysis (DA). Graphical analysis suggested differences in the response to TIA between the stream reaches with less than 13 percent TIA and those with greater than 24 percent TIA. Spearman's Rank correlations showed significant relationships for large woody debris and sinuosity when analyzing the entire dataset and for depth diversity and the standard deviation of maximum pool depths when analyzing stream reaches with greater than 24 percent TIA. Classification into the ICM using DA was 49 percent accurate; however, the stream reaches did support the ICM in other ways. These results indicate that stream reach response to urbanization may not be consistent across geographical regions and that local conditions (specifically riparian buffer vegetation) may significantly affect channel response; and the ICM, used in the appropriate context, can aid in the management of stream reaches and watersheds.     

A MORPHOLOGICAL AND ECONOMIC EXAMINATION OF PLUNGE POOLS AS ENERGY DISSIPATERS IN URBAN STREAM CHANNELS1

ABSTRACT: Naturally formed plunge pools (scour holes) are a common morphologic feature in many urban stream systems where the transition between a pipe and a natural channel occurs. Plunge pools serve as significant stream energy dissipaters, increasing flow resistance and enhancing stream channel stability. Such features may also improve habitat diversity and serve as refugia for stream biota during low flow periods. The morphologic characteristics of several naturally formed plunge pools associated with road crossing culvert outlets in the metropolitan Charlotte, North Carolina, area are presented. Plunge pool dimensions surveyed include maximum depth, length, and width, and longitudinal and side slopes as well as bed material. Culvert outlet dimensions and hydraulic characteristics of the scouring jet for each study site are also reported. Design equations developed from flume studies generally failed to predict the naturally formed plunge pool dimensions. Pool volume was significantly correlated with drainage area, with pool depth being the least sensitive dimension to changes in the magnitude of the scouring flow. The excavation costs for designed plunge pools compare favorably to initial construction costs of traditional culvert outlet riprap aprons.     

Chemistry,Mineralogy and Morphology of Spodosols at Two Swedish Sites Used to Assess Methods of Counteracting Acidification

The chemistry, mineralogy and morphology of two soil profiles developed on till material of granitic and gneissic composition in south-western Sweden were studied in relation to podzolization processes. These soils were used for treatments with lime and wood ash. The profiles do not show characteristic Podzol morphology but qualify as Spodosols under Soil Taxonomy criteria and are probably typical for the coniferous forest soils of south-western Sweden. Podzolization features are clear but less well expressed than in classic Podzols. The distribution of major elements shows podzolization features with accumulation of sesquioxides in the B horizons and depletion in the eluvial horizons. Quartz and feldspars dominate the bulk soils reflecting the clear relationship between the composition of the soil and the underlying bedrock. Low amounts of clay contain an interlayered vermiculitic phase as the main phyllosilicate in which the degree of interlayering, known to be pH dependent, varies with depth and is at a maximum in the Bhs horizon. In the B horizons there are small but significant amounts of imogolite-type material which affect the adsorption of sulphate.     

Tropical deciduous forests and the adivasi. Indigenous traditions as response to leaf fall in Bastar, India

This article draws attention to the crucial link between the tropical deciduous forest ecosystem and the lifestyle of the adivasi (indigenous) people. Taking the case of Bastar District in Chhattisgarh, Central India, an analysis is made of the various commonly used wild plants, their deciduous habit, and the adivasi calendar that regulates the peoples’ use of these plants. By examining the specific seasonal patterns of leaf fall of plants and the dates set for the commencement of their use, the article shows that there is an implicit relation between adivasi festivals and the deciduous character of Bastar's forests.     

INTERREGIONAL COMPARISON OF ALLUVIAL STREAM CHANNEL MORPHOLOGY: GREAT PLAINS VERSUS CENTRAL LOWLANDS1

ABSTRACT: Stream channel development is a complicated process involving many factors. A major goal of research in fluvial geomorphology is to develop an understanding of the relations between channel form, water discharge, and sediment discharge characteristics. The concept of thresholds has been introduced as an element in fluvial processes, with the implication that the factors involved in a process might change in some way as threshold boundaries are passed. This study is focused on the extent to which a particular regional boundary represents a threshold in the process of stream channel development. Twenty-four alluvial stream channels from the Great Plains region and 24 from the Central Lowlands region are compared with regard to the distributional form, central tendency and dispersion characteristics, and correlation structure of ten variables, including indicators of discharge, channel sediment, and channel morphology. The results suggest that these aspects of the data are very similar between the regions, except for certain differences in central tendency characteristics, which are assumed to reflect underlying differences between the regions in geology and climate. In general, the results support the idea that this regional boundary is not an effective threshold with respect to the stream channel development process, and that, therefore, stream channels develop in these environmentally distinct regions by way of a similar process.     

我国赤潮新记录种--Peridinium quinquecorne Abe的研究

1999年5月在广东省惠阳大亚湾发生一起Peridinium quinquecorne赤潮.利用光镜和电镜对赤潮生物进行形态学观察.赤潮期间,赤潮生物最高密度可达11.8×106L-1,随着气温骤降,赤潮消退.P. Quinquecorne是一喜生活在富营养化的浅湾内兼具附着、浮游习性的种类,针对赤潮发生区域的营养盐与该种赤潮发生的关系作了探讨.