Physical state and biodegradation behavior of starch-polycaprolactone systems

The biodegradation behavior of insoluble crystalline polymers depends on both chemical structure and physical state. The physical state is strongly affected by the molding conditions; moreover the presence of natural hydrophylic substances such as starch can further influence the biodegradation process. This paper examines the biotic and abiotic degradation of thick injection-molded parts, made of pure poly--caprolactone (PCL) at different molecular weights, and of PCL in the presence of starch in the case of a commercial grade of Mater-Bi, produced by Novamont. The abiotic degradation was studied at 25 and 50°C, whereas the biotic degradation was followed in conditions of SCAS (semicontinuous activated sludges) at 25 and 50°C, soil burial, and controlled composting. The physical-chemical modifications provoked at the surface and in the bulk of the samples by the different types of degradation were determined by differential scanning calorimetry, viscometric and gravimetric analysis, scanning electron microscopy, and dynamic mechanical analysis. The mechanical modifications induced by the different environments were followed by tensile tests. It was demonstrated that the presence of starch significantly increases the apparent biodegradation rate of PCL, making even thick parts of ZI01U compatible with the composting process.Paper presented at the Bio/Environmentally Degradable Polymer Society—Third National Meeting, June 6–8, 1994, Boston, Massachusetts.     

无机高分子铁钙铝混凝剂PFCA的研制及性能研究

复合型无机高分子混凝剂（ＩＰＣ）能进一步提高煤泥水的处理效果，降低有机高分子助凝剂的用量。本研究在合成得到β－ＰＦＳ溶液的基础上，引入钙铝离子共聚得到ＰＦＣＡ液体产品。含Ｆｅ＾３＋８％的ＰＦＣＡ液样通过添加晶种和活化剂的方式，极易制成偻剂产品。本文还运用透射电镜分析了ＰＦＣＡ与水中煤粒相互作用的机理。     

深层过滤理论与技术的研究进展

深层过滤是水处理工艺中的重要单元操作。近年来 ,在滤料、过滤工艺的研究开发及过滤理论研究方面有了新的发展。本文评述了一些主要研究进展     

Contest behaviour in the speckled wood butterfly (Pararge aegeria): seasonal phenotypic plasticity and the functional significance of flight performance

Although contemporary animal contest theory emphasises the importance of physical asymmetries in resolving disputes, such asymmetries do not obviously settle fights in all groups. Territorial male butterflies, for example, compete via elaborate non-contact aerial interactions in which success is determined by relative persistence. Prior research suggests that the resolution of these contests is not clearly related to physical variables such as body size or energy reserves. However, given that the contests involve elaborate aerial manoeuvres, one long-standing suggestion is that asymmetries in flight performance, and thus flight morphology, may be important. We addressed this hypothesis via a manipulative investigation into the biophysical correlates of contest success in the speckled wood butterfly, Pararge aegeria. This species possesses the ability for significant adaptive phenotypic plasticity in relevant flight morphological parameters. We took advantage of this plasticity to rear 90 individuals of markedly varying flight morphologies, which we then pitted against each other in a semi-controlled experimental fashion. Multiple logistic and lognormal analyses provided little evidence for the relevance of morphological parameters, including relative flight musculature, wing loading and wing aspect ratio (wing length relative to area), to the outcome and/or duration of experimental contests. Instead, we found a positive effect of age upon contest success. Given that ability for high acceleration is strongly linked to variation in these morphological parameters, our findings suggest that flight performance is not a strong determinant of resource-holding potential in this notably territorial butterfly.     

中国－喜马拉雅柴胡属的花粉形态及其系统学意义

本文报道了中国－喜马拉雅柴胡属（ＢｕｐｌｅｕｒｕｍＬ．）２４种，７变种，２变型的花粉形态研究结果，全部在光学显微镜和扫描电镜下作了比较观察。有关柴胡属花粉形态的研究，除大苞柴胡（Ｂ．ｅｕｐｈｏｒｂｉｏｉｄｅｓＮａｋａｉ）和红柴胡（Ｂ，ｓｃｏｒｚｏｎｅｒｉｆｏｌｉｕｍＷｉｌｌｄ．）外．其余均为首次报道，根据该属花粉粒的形态和萌发孔特征，其花粉形态可分为三个类型，即：近菱形角孔类型、矩形边孔类型及其二者之间的过渡类型。花粉形态资料支持德国植物系统学家德鲁特（Ｏ，Ｄｒｕｄｅ，１８９８）关于柴胡属的系统位置，将其隶于芹亚科（Ａｐｉｏｉｄｅａｅ），芹族（Ａｐｉｅａｅ），葛缕子亚族（Ｃａｒｉｎａｅ）。     

不同耕作制度对土壤中锰赋存形态及其有效性的影响

以花岗岩母质发育的旱地红壤和水稻土为研究对象，探讨了不同耕作制度下土壤中锰的赋存形态及其生物有效性。结果表明：在水旱轮作条件下，土壤中的锰更多地以代换态和晶形铁结合态存在；旱作土壤中的锰则较多地以有机态和无定形铁结合态存在．然而，单位有机质络合的锰量却是水稻土大于红壤。水旱轮作措施具有活化锰的作用，使得土壤中锰有效性更大并且主要以代换态存在。旱作土壤则不同，土壤活性锰除来自代换衣外，尚有大约４５％以有机态或无定形铁结合态存在。     

粉煤灰的粉体特性及其对减水效应的影响

通过对粉煤灰颗粒形貌、平均粒径、粒度分布等粉体特性参量的测定和计算分析 ,发现粉煤灰的减水效应主要来自圆球形玻璃微珠的滚珠轴承润滑作用或对水泥絮凝结构的分散作用。过细的粉煤灰大掺量取代水泥后有可能会降低其减水效应     

基于数学形态学的高聚物絮凝作用机理的定量化研究

将数学形态学的基本理论用于煤泥絮凝图像的处理，阐述了该理论处理图像的方法及步骤，获得煤泥絮团粒度、桥长等微观结构参数，并解释了PQAAM高聚物对细粒煤泥的絮凝作用和絮凝模式，从而实现了高聚物絮凝作用机理的定量化研究。     

Cd~(2+)、Pb~(2+)在湘江流域河床表层沉积物上的吸附特性研究

以湘江流域河床表层沉积物为吸附剂,用于去除水中Cd~(2+)、Pb~(2+),系统研究了沉积物对Cd~(2+)、Pb~(2+)的吸附规律,并探讨了其吸附Cd~(2+)、Pb~(2+)后的化学稳定性。结果表明,当2种离子单独存在时,沉积物对Cd~(2+)、Pb~(2+)均具有较好的吸附效果;当2种离子同时存在时,由于竞争作用,沉积物对Cd~(2+)和Pb~(2+)的吸附量分别减小了约40%和16%。对吸附平衡的溶液进行曝气和用双蒸水清洗吸附饱和的沉积物后,Cd~(2+)、Pb~(2+)的释放比例较小,说明湘江流域河床表层沉积物吸附Cd~(2+)、Pb~(2+)后,其化学稳定性较好。沉积物的SEM、FTIR和XRD分析发现,沉积物结构多孔,表面含有大量—OH、—NH,这些基团在吸附重金属阳离子过程中起重要作用。研究结果表明,湘江流域河床表层沉积物对去除水中的Cd~(2+)、Pb~(2+)有较好的效果,该成果对湘江流域重金属污染控制具有重要参考价值。     

Leaf size and surface characteristics of Betula papyrifera exposed to elevated CO2 and O3

Betula papyrifera trees were exposed to elevated concentrations of CO₂ (1.4 × ambient), O₃ (1.2 × ambient) or CO₂ + O₃ at the Aspen Free-air CO₂ Enrichment Experiment. The treatment effects on leaf surface characteristics were studied after nine years of tree exposure. CO₂ and O₃ increased epidermal cell size and reduced epidermal cell density but leaf size was not altered. Stomatal density remained unaffected, but stomatal index increased under elevated CO₂. Cuticular ridges and epicuticular wax crystallites were less evident under CO₂ and CO₂ + O₃. The increase in amorphous deposits, particularly under CO₂ + O_3, was associated with the appearance of elongated plate crystallites in stomatal chambers. Increased proportions of alkyl esters resulted from increased esterification of fatty acids and alcohols under elevated CO₂ + O₃. The combination of elevated CO₂ and O₃ resulted in different responses than expected under exposure to CO₂ or O₃ alone.