Growth and photosynthetic responses to copper in wild grapevine

The present study evaluates the tolerance and accumulation potential of Vitis vinifera ssp. sylvestris under moderate and high external Cu levels. A greenhouse experiment was conducted in order to investigate the effects of a range of external Cu concentrations (0–23 mmol L⁻¹) on growth and photosynthetic performance by measuring gas exchange, chlorophyll fluorescence parameters and photosynthetic pigments. We also measured the total copper, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulphur, calcium, magnesium, iron, potassium and sodium concentrations in the plant tissues. All the experimental plants survived even with external Cu concentrations as high as 23 mmol L⁻¹ (1500 mg Cu L⁻¹), although the excess of metal resulted in a biomass reduction of 35%. The effects of Cu on growth were linked to a reduction in net photosynthesis, which may be related to the effect of the high concentration of the metal on photosynthetic electron transport. V. vinifera ssp. sylvestris survived with leaf Cu concentrations as high as 80 mg kg⁻¹ DW and growth parameters were unaffected by leaf tissue concentrations of 35 mg Cu kg⁻¹ DW. The results of our study indicate that plants of V. vinifera ssp. sylvestris from the studied population are more tolerant to Cu than the commercial varieties of grapevine that have been studied in the literature, and could constitute a basis for the genetic improvement of Cu tolerance in grapevine.     

Pharmaceuticals and personal care products found in the Great Lakes above concentrations of environmental concern

The monitoring of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) has focused on the distribution in rivers and small lakes, but data regarding their occurrence and effects in large lake systems, such as the Great Lakes, are sparse. Wastewater treatment processes have not been optimized to remove influent PPCPs and are a major source of PPCPs in the environment. Furthermore, PPCPs are not currently regulated in wastewater effluent. In this experiment we evaluated the concentration, and corresponding risk, of PPCPs from a wastewater effluent source at varying distances in Lake Michigan. Fifty-four PPCPs and hormones were assessed on six different dates over a two-year period from surface water and sediment samples up to 3.2 km from a wastewater treatment plant and at two sites within a harbor. Thirty-two PPCPs were detected in Lake Michigan and 30 were detected in the sediment, with numerous PPCPs being detected up to 3.2 km away from the shoreline. The most frequently detected PPCPs in Lake Michigan were metformin, caffeine, sulfamethoxazole, and triclosan. To determine the ecological risk, the maximum measured environmental concentrations were compared to the predicted no-effect concentration and 14 PPCPs were found to be of medium or high ecological risk. The environmental risk of PPCPs in large lake systems, such as the Great Lakes, has been questioned due to high dilution; however, the concentrations found in this study, and their corresponding risk quotient, indicate a significant threat by PPCPs to the health of the Great Lakes, particularly near shore organisms.     

泥石流运动饱和浓度和流量的实验研究

对泥石流饱和浓度的研究具有重要和普遍意义。目前泥石流饱和浓度的研究还不能解释泥石流运动的一些物理含义,也不能完全反映泥石流饱和和运动的浓度规律。本文通过对两种颗粒在水槽中运动的饱和浓度和流量的研究,给出了泥石流的饱和浓度计算公式。该公式有较好的物理含义,与有关的实验资料对比有较好的一致性。文中还给出了泥石流流量的计算公式,与野外资料对比,所给公式能覆盖这些野外资料数据。     

差示分光光度法在水质监测中的应用

通过测定高浓度氨氮标准品(GSBZ20005—88)的试验,验证了差示分光光度法在测定高浓度样品时的准确度和精密度,说明差示分光光度法在一定情况下能减少多次稀释所带来的误差,可以快速测定高浓度样品。     

固定源低浓度颗粒物监测技术现状与思考

简述了固定源颗粒物监测技术的国内外现状,建议从规范现有方法和研发新方法入手,对低浓度颗粒物监测方法加以研究和改进。     

乌鲁木齐市煤改气工程对采暖期 SO2和 NO2浓度变化的影响分析

通过对乌鲁木齐市2011-2013年采暖期SO2、NO2、PM10的年均浓度、月均浓度、日均浓度的变化比较,分析了乌鲁木齐市煤改气工程实施前后大气环境发生的变化趋势,论证了乌鲁木齐市煤改气工程对城市大气环境的改善作用,为该工程今后的推广与发展得到了可靠的实践依据。     

四种化学需氧量测定标准方法的比较

对国内外四种测定低浓度化学需氧量(COD)的方法进行了比对分析。从精密度、准确度、不确定度等方面对这四种方法进行了系统对比。结果表明,在测定低浓度COD的样品时,在准确度方面,除HJ/T399—2007[7]之外的其它三种方法中的任何一种都可以得到稳定可靠的回收率;在精密度方面,5220B.4b[3]和ISO15705—2002[4]的数据与标准文本中的参考数据具有一致性;在不确定度方面,四种方法相差不大,主要影响因素均为样品重复测定引起的不确定度;在方法间的差异及相关性上,采用HJ/T399—2007和其他三种方法得到的结果存在显著差异,而采用其它三种方法测定低浓度COD样品时,得到的结果没有显著差异,并且三种方法之间具有很好的相关性。在实际应用中,5220B.4b、ISO15705—2002和GB 11914—89的数据之间存在较大的随机极差。对比结果表明,5220B.4b、ISO15705—2002和GB11914—89具有可比性,得到的数据都可用。     

兰州市大气颗粒物污染特征分析

对兰州市2011—2012年大气颗粒物污染状况进行了研究,在主导风向上设置采样点,分别连续监测PM10、TSP、风速、能见度。结果表明,兰州市颗粒物浓度的峰值出现在2—4月,TSP浓度最大值可达到2.465 mg/m3,PM10最大值可达到2.079 mg/m3;颗粒物污染的季节性强,以3、4月出现的频率最高,发生时间具有随机性;2012年兰州市全年颗粒物(PM10和TSP)平均小时浓度值低于2011年,沙尘天气发生频次较2011年有所降低,环境空气质量有所改善。     

各国环境空气质量评价中污染物浓度表示方法比较

对不同国家在环境空气质量评价中主要污染物浓度表示方法进行了比较和分析,发现各国对于气态污染物浓度的表示方法主要有体积比浓度和质量浓度2种方法,对于颗粒物浓度的表示方法则普遍采用了质量浓度;颗粒物的质量浓度有标况浓度和实况浓度2种表示方法,在中国标况浓度和实况浓度的数值存在较大差异,在不同地区和不同季节此差异大小亦不同,一般情况下,实况浓度低于其标况浓度,且实况浓度能够更加客观反映颗粒物污染状况;建议修订中国环境空气质量标准中颗粒物浓度的表示方法,使用实际状况下的质量浓度来表示空气中颗粒物的浓度,以保证中国与其他国家之间监测数据的可比性。     

温州红壤的酸沉降临界负荷研究

本文简要介绍了以碱总量守恒为基础建立的兼能描述钙质与非钙质土壤长期酸化过程的动态模型（ＬＴＳＡＭ）,并利用该模型讨论了温州红壤的酸沉降临界负荷。结果表明,以硫沉降即酸沉降的硫沉降非酸沉降两观点分别来确定红壤的临界负荷,其值依次为３．９１与１．８４ｇ·ｍ＾－２·ａ＾－１,后者仅是前者的４７％,差异显著应加以区别。