Droplet size spectra and deposits of two aerially sprayed Bacillus thuringiensis formulations on artificial samplers and live foliage

Abstract

Two commercial formulations of Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki (BTK), Foray^® 48B and Thuricide^® 48LV, were applied aerially over nine spray blocks in a hardwood forest in West Virginia in 1991. Droplet spectra and spray mass deposits were determined using water‐sensitive paper strips (WSPS), glass micro‐fiber filters (GMFFs), glass plates and castor oil. Mass deposits of BTK were also assessed on natural foliage by two bioassay methods, i.e., feeding of homogenized foliage containing a starch‐sucrose solution and force‐feeding bioassay of foliar extracts containing re‐dissolved protein precipitate. Deposits on canopy foliage and ground samplers were also assessed by total protein assay and enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Droplet spectra on the WSPS were different from those on castor oil. Droplets on horizontal ground WSPS were larger than those on vertical ground WSPS. WSPS placed at canopy level collected more droplets than those at ground level. The total protein deposits (ng/cm²) were consistently higher on all blocks than the delta‐endotoxin protein deposits. Spray mass recovery on the ground samplers were low, and ranged from 2.9 to 8.0% of the applied rates.     

Assessment of aerial spray deposits in a spruce forest using in‐flight microencapsulation technique

Abstract

Spray drops were counted and sized on Kromekote® cards at ground level, and on spruce foliage at canopy level, after aerial application of a formulation containing a microencapsulation medium, over a spruce forest in Ontario. The majority of drops (70%) on foliage was 20 ‐ 75 µm range. A coarse drop size spectrum was observed on cards with a maximum diameter (Dmax) of 380 µm, and with 85% of the drops = 130 µm in diameter. Foliar drop analysis, on the other hand, indicated a finer spectrum with a Dmax of 150 µm, and with 85% of the drops = 75 µm. These results were explained on the basis of formulation ingredients, atomizer setting, weather factors, and drop retention on target surfaces. The assessment of spray deposits on glass plates at ground level indicated that about 16% of the applied spray volume reached the forest floor, a value which is comparable to those obtained in previous forestry applications using the ultra‐low‐volume (ULV) technique.     

新疆萨尔布拉克金矿矿床地球化学及矿床成因

本文介绍萨尔布拉克金矿成矿元素、稀土元素、稳定同位素及石英气─液包裹体的地球化学特征及其在时空上的演化规律．提出成矿元素主要来自地层中的火山物质，下石炭统南明水组的一套火山碎屑岩是矿源层，成矿元素是在动力变质作用下活化、迁够，最后在断裂的交汇部位富集、沉淀、成矿。     

地下金属矿山安全评价体系的探讨

对矿山实行安全评价是确保安全生产的重要措施。根据地下金属矿山生产工艺的特点，分析发生事故的原因及影响因素，以定量分析的方法，从企业管理、工程设计、人员配备、环境条件等方面进行安全评价，提出评价体系，系统而直观地反映企业生产安全程度。     

甬江建闸的环境影响分析

甬江建闸能够阻咸蓄淡,带来一定的社会经济效益;但也会出现泥沙淤积、水体富营养化、水生生物减少等一系列问题,尤其是泥沙淤积,将对防洪排涝、出海航运和现有港口等产生严重的负面影响.就防洪排涝而言,如果建设甬江大闸,那么泥沙淤积后的镇海口将难以通过20年一遇和50年一遇的洪峰流量.综合考虑岸线前进、地面沉降和海面上升的结果,提出甬江大闸还是不建为宜.     

非化学法制浆造纸废水混凝处理方法研究

探讨了用化学混凝法处理非化学法制浆造纸废水的可行性.采用石灰乳、自制的混凝剂,联合PAM絮凝处理该类造纸废水.试验结果表明,该方法处理效果好,工艺简单,易于操作管理,在沈阳某造纸厂的实际应用中取得很好的效果,具有推广价值.     

开发玉龙铜矿的经济评价

本文分析了开发玉龙铜矿床的优势条件．对玉龙铜矿的开发进行了效益评估,并提出了可持续开发对策．     

开发和建设西南能源基地的战略意义

开发和建设西南能源基地在我国能源工业发展和布局中占有重要的地位。西南地区的煤炭集中分布在川、滇、黔接壤地区,保有储量占全国的 8.9％,位居第二。而水能蕴藏量2.9亿多kW,占全国的42％,可开发利用量1.9亿多kW,占全国的51％,年发电量1.03万亿度,占全国的54％,加上西藏,水能蕴藏年发电量约占全国的70％。煤炭工业在全国已有较大发展,已初步建成以山西为中心的煤炭基地,六盘水煤炭基地,两淮煤炭基地等等。石油天然气工业发展较快,核电工业正在起步和发展。但是水能资源的开发利用和蕴藏量相比,还很不相称。全国水能资源利用率只有4-5％,西南地区按发电量计算,仅占水电可开发总量的1.3％。因此,在当前我国能源供应十分紧张的情况下,开发西南能源基地的水能资源和煤炭资源,有着十分重大的战略意义。     

阜山金矿成矿构造物理化学参量因子分析与成矿环境综合研究

采用因子分析方法 ,对影响阜山金矿成矿作用的各构造物理化学参量进行了相关分析 ,其目的是试图在传统定性研究的基础上 ,通过定量研究来探讨阜山金矿最佳成矿构造物理化学条件 ,进而建立一个初步的成矿构造物理化学模式。该模式指出 ,阜山金矿各构造物理化学参量的分布在矿区内是不均匀的 ,构造作用是控制成矿流体分布与状态的重要因素。在构造力松弛部位和构造力集中部位各参量分布场表现出不同的变化规律 ,两者之间存在一个构造物理化学界面 ,矿化主要发生在该界面附近构造力松弛部位。     

金顶铅锌矿床生物有机成矿作用探讨

金顶铅锌矿床矿石矿物的演化经历了沉积成岩期、热卤水成矿期和表生成矿期三个阶段，在这三个演化阶段中生物有机质均起着重要的作用。沉积成岩期表现为生物体对铅、锌等成矿元素的吸附作用以及腐殖酸的吸附、配合作用；热卤水成矿期表现为有机羧酸的溶蚀作用以及对成矿环境的控制作用；表生成矿期主要表现为地表细菌的氧化作用以及深部细菌的还原作用。