Toxicity of copper in sewage sludge

Sewage sludge is a source of organic matter and nutrients, but a major obstacle for its recycling is that the municipal wastewater sludge has low but significant levels of contaminants. This investigation, on the acute toxicity of copper in sewage sludge, was conducted with three organisms, Daphnia magna, Lemna minor and Raphanus sativus (seeds). The toxicity of the leakage water from sewage sludge spiked with CuSO(4) was studied for 64 days. The toxicity increased during the first 8-16 days and then started to decrease. The first increase in toxicity was due to ammonia, but after 32 days, a dose-related effect of copper was found. After 64 days, L. minor had an EC50 of 3800 mg Cu/kg dw for 7 days growth inhibition, a LOEC of 3200 mg Cu/kg dw and a NOEC of 1600 mg Cu/kg dw. D. magna had an EC50 of 18100 mg Cu/kg dw (24-h immobility) and a NOEC of 12800 mg Cu/kg dw. Root elongation of R. sativus was reduced at 25600 mg Cu/kg dw. Both for Daphnia and Lemna, the pH of the leakage water had an effect of the toxicity. This means that chemical speciation and bioavailability is very important for the hazard assessment of copper in sludge and soil.     

The effects of alginate microspheres on phytoremediation and growth of Lemna minor in the presence of Cd

Today, the removal of increased amount of contaminant concentrations in nature such as metals, nanoparticles, has become an essential issue to struggle with. In this paper, both the toxic effects of non-essential Cd on Lemna minor in presence of alginate microspheres and metal removal capacity of Cd-exposed L. minor and microspheres were investigated. Three test groups were constructed: group (L) containing Lemna, group (M) containing alginate microsphere and group (L?+?M) containing alginate microsphere and Lemna. Five different levels of Cd concentrations were added into these groups. Estimation models were constructed to estimate Cd removal capacities of L. minor and microspheres, and time-concentration-dependent growth (GRC) rates of both microsphere-containing and non-containing groups were modelled by regression analysis. It was seen that microspheres alone only had no positive or negative effects on Lemna growth. It was observed that, for all test groups the time-dependent growth rate has both increase–decrease trends in general. The toxicity effect of Cd on Lemna growth was reduced by adding microspheres into medium. Furthermore, the results stated that test groups containing only microspheres (M, 0–97.56%) and consortium groups (M?+?L, 0–98.26%) were slightly more successful in Cd removal process compared to Lemna (L) groups (L, 0–97.32%).     

硝酸铊对浮萍(Lemna gibba L.)的生长抑制及其氧自由基损伤作用

为了探讨硝酸铊(Tl(I)-nitrate)对浮萍(Lemna gibba L.)的生长抑制作用及其可能的氧化损伤机制,设置了Tl(I)-nitrate的8个处理组(0.005、0.01、0.02、0.04、0.08、0.1、0.5和1.0 mg·L-1)和对照组(0.0 mg·L-1),进行96 h急性毒性实验,测定96 h内超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性及丙二醛含量。结果表明:96 h暴露时间下,浮萍生长受抑制程度与Tl(I)浓度之间呈正相关,Tl(I)-nitrate对浮萍的96 h EC50为0.076 mg·L-1,NOEC为0.01 mg·L-1。CAT活性随着Tl(I)-nitrate浓度升高逐渐降低,在0.5和1 mg·L-1时,有极显著差异(p0.01)产生,SOD活性在0.1 mg·L-1时显著升高(46%),POD活性和MDA含量在Tl(I)浓度0.5 mg·L-1时明显上升。当Tl(I)-nitrate胁迫超出浮萍抗氧化酶系统清除活性氧的能力时,活性氧积累导致浮萍受到不可逆转的氧化损伤。Tl(I)-nitrate对浮萍生长产生明显的抑制作用     

Phytotoxicity and antioxidative enzymes of green microalga (Desmodesmus subspicatus) and duckweed (Lemna minor) exposed to herbicides MCPA,chloridazon and their mixtures

In this study, we evaluate the toxicity of MCPA (auxin-like growth inhibitor), chloridazon (CHD) (PSII-inhibitor) and their mixtures to floating plants and planktonic algae. Toxicity of MCPA (4-chloro-2-methylphenoxyacetic acid) and CHD (5-amino-4-chloro-2-phenyl-3(2H)-pyridazinone) was first assessed in two growth inhibition tests with Lemna minor (ISO/DIS 20079) and Desmodesmus subspicatus (ISO 8692). Next, herbicide mixtures at concentrations corresponding to the EC values were used to assess their interactive effects, and the biomarkers were: for duckweed fresh weight, frond area, chlorophyll content and number of fronds, and for algae cell count and cell volume. The 3d EC₁₀ and EC₅₀ values using cell counts of D. subspicatus were 142.7 and 529.1 mg/L for MCPA and 1.7 and 5.1 mg/L for CHD. The 7d EC₁₀ and EC₅₀ values using frond number of L. minor amounted to 0.8 and 5.4 mg/L for MCPA and 0.7 and 10.4 mg/L for CHD. Higher sensitivity of reproductive (number of cells/fronds) than growth processes (cell volume/frond area) to herbicides applied individually and in mixtures was especially pronounced in the responses of Desmodesmus. Herbicide interactions were assessed by the two-way ANOVA and Abbott's formula. Generally, an antagonistic interaction with Lemna was revealed by MCPA and chloridazon, whereas additive effect of both herbicides was observed for Desmodesmus. A significant stimulation of SOD and APX activity by binary mixtures was noted in algal cells mainly after 24 and 48 hours of exposure. The extremely high stimulation of the activity of both enzymes was induced by the combination EC₁₀CHD + EC₅₀MCPA (48 h). Presumably due to oxidative stress, the treatment with CHD at concentration EC₅₀ after 72h was lethal for algae grown in aerated cultures, in contrast to standardized test conditions. Taking into account the consequences of risk assessment for herbicide mixtures we can state that a relatively low toxicity, as well as the lack of significant synergy between MCPA and CHD to non-target plants appears to be the most important result.     

青萍生长特征及其对受污染河水的修复效果

以浮萍优势品种青萍（Lemna minor）为研究对象,开展受污染河水修复。分析了青萍在不同营养盐浓度条件下的生长特征,探讨了青萍对受污染河水的修复效果。在表面积为0.0095 m2的限制空间条件下,青萍在1、2和5 mg总氮（TN）/L营养液中的生长特征都能较好地服从Logistic生长模型,受制约的临界鲜重（FW）分别为1.20、1.36和1.36 g;青萍对受污染河水中氮磷污染物具有较好的去除效果,氨氮（NH＋4-N）的平均去除率、平均去除量和平均去除速率分别为56.87%、1.22 mg/d和0.0466 mg/（g FW·h）,正磷酸盐（PO3-4-P）的平均去除率、平均去除量和平均去除速率分别为66.95%、0.25 mg/d和0.0088 mg/（g FW·h）。根据相关性分析,进水NH＋4-N和PO3-4-P浓度与其对应去除量之间极显著相关;青萍FW与NH＋4-N去除速率之间显著负相关,但与PO3-4-P去除速率之间不存在显著相关性;NH＋4-N进水浓度与去除速率相关性不显著,但PO3-4-P进水浓度与去除速率显著正相关。     

紫外光对几种水生植物过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性的影响

通过测定被照射植物分解过氧化氢后放出氧气的体积,确定植物过氧化氢酶(CAT)的活性。结果表明,满江红,浮萍和水花生3种植物受过量紫外光不同时间照射,CAT活性都明显升高。但活性峰值因植物不同而异,即满江红的CAT峰值出现在被照射72h后;浮萍的CAT峰值出现在被照射24h后;水花生则出现在被照射8h后。撤除过量紫外光照射后,3种植物的CAT活性逐渐降低。说明过量紫外光对3种植物的CAT活性有刺激作用,同时又使植物体组织受到损害,最终导致植物的CAT活性降低,而且不同植物对过量紫外光的效应是不同的。     

非离子型表面活性剂AE对稀脉浮萍的损伤作用

以过氧化氢酶（CAT）、过氧化物酶（POD）相对活性、植物生长量和培养液pH值变化作为观测指标,研究了非离子型表面活性剂脂肪醇聚氧乙烯醚（AE）对稀脉浮萍（Lemna paucicostata L.）的损伤作用,结果显示：稀脉浮萍的损伤程序与AE浓度直接相关,浓度小于1.0mg/L时,AE对稀脉浮萍的损伤较轻,λ（CAT）、λ（POD）的增加,能清除膜上的过氧化物,在10.0mg/L时,稀脉浮萍的生理功能受到中等程序的伤。CAT、POD相对活性升高,生长率下降,光合作用受到一定程度的抑制,培养液pH值下降0.2左右;AE为100.0mg/L时,植物受伤严重,CAT、POD相对活性下降,培养液pH值降低幅度为0.6左右,植物大部分死亡。     

pH及无机氮化合物对小浮萍生长的影响

利用浮萍科植物吸收转化污水中的无机氮磷正在成为水处理研究的热点.本研究以我国常见的小浮萍(Lemna minor L.)为研究对象,在完全培养液的基础上模拟生活污水的NH₄⁺-N、NO₃^--N浓度和pH范围,研究了培养条件对小浮萍生长的影响.结果表明,低pH对小浮萍的生长具有抑制作用,小浮萍对pH耐受的低限在5～6之间,在6～9的pH范围内,能够正常生长.水中非离子态的NH3和NH+4都会对小浮萍的生长产生抑制作用,前者的抑制作用更明显.在NN₄⁺-N为唯一氮源的条件下,非离子态的NH₃浓度大于0.2mg/L时就会对小浮萍的生长产生明显的抑制作用,大于2mg/L时,小浮萍基本上不能生长.NO₃^-在本研究的浓度范围内对小浮萍的生长没有影响,NH₄⁺-N和NO₃^--N浓度的增加可使小浮萍的鲜叶片的叶绿素含量增加,另外在相同氮的浓度下,由于生长受抑制,NH₄⁺-N中生长的小浮萍过氧化物酶活性高于NO₃^--N中的活性.     

不同浓度Pb(Ⅱ)对稀脉萍和紫萍的毒性效应

浮萍类植物(以下简称浮萍)具有繁殖快、用途广泛、综合利用率高等优良特性,可应用于水生生态毒理学的研究。选择我国浮萍中分布最广的两个种类,即稀脉萍(Lemma aequinoctialis)和紫萍(Spirodelapolyrrhiza)作为植物材料,选择Pb(Ⅱ)作为实验重金属,探讨不同浓度Pb(Ⅱ)对这2种浮萍的毒性影响。结果表明:(1)随着Pb(Ⅱ)浓度的提高,稀脉萍和紫萍的生长都受到显著抑制;(2)Pb(Ⅱ)对稀脉萍和紫萍叶绿素的产生都有抑制的作用,但稀脉萍的叶绿素含量的变化幅度较大,当Pb(Ⅱ)浓度为30mg/L,经4d处理后稀脉萍和紫萍的Chl.a、Chl.b和Chl(.a+b)分别比其对照降低了39%、42%、40%和13%、33%、21%。当Pb(Ⅱ)浓度为1～15mg/L时,两种浮萍叶绿素a和叶绿素b之间的比值均随着重金属浓度梯度的升高而降低。(3)经4d处理,稀脉萍和紫萍的可溶性蛋白含量分别比其对照降低了32%和30%。(4)经4d处理,稀脉萍的POD活性在Pb(Ⅱ)浓度为20mg/L时达到峰值,而紫萍在本实验Pb(Ⅱ)浓度设置范围内未有峰值,且最大值相比较分别高出其对照41%和100%。稀脉萍和紫萍可用作Pb(Ⅱ)对水生植物的毒性效应监测,采用生长情况、叶绿素含量等作为监测指标,而稀脉萍对Pb(Ⅱ)胁迫更为敏感。     

Landfill Leachate Ecotoxicity Experiments using Lemna minor

The effects of varying concentrations of landfill leachate on the growth, frond area, chlorophyll content and fluorescence of four strains of Lemna minor were assessed. Growth fluorescence and frond chlorophyll content decreased after seven days exposure to leachate, although responses differed between the strains and end parameters. A L. minor bioassay was used to assess leachate toxicity and the effectiveness of a constructed wetland treatment system and pre-treatment aeration and settlement in reducing toxicity. Pre-treatments were found to significantly reduce toxicity, so their incorporation in any treatment system may increase pollutant stripping.