温度和水分对羊草草原土壤呼吸温度敏感性的影响

采用静态暗箱-气相色谱法对内蒙古锡林河流域羊草(Leymus chinensis)草原土壤呼吸进行测定,研究了温度和水分条件对土壤呼吸温度敏感性系数Q_(10)值的影响.结果表明羊草草原土壤呼吸与5cm地温具有很好的指数关系(r~2=0.338～0.858,P<0.001～0.08),Q_(10)介于1.15～2.25之间,均值为1.72.Q_(10)值与5 cm地温呈负相关关系(r~2=0.407),而与0～10 cm土壤水分含量呈显著的二次函数关系(r~2=0.872,P<0.05).在较低含水量时Q_(10)值随着水分含量的上升而增大,当土壤水分含量较高时转而减小.以往大多数研究认为Q_(10)值与土壤水分含量呈正相关关系,这可能是土壤水分跨度不足造成的,极端的水分条件对Q_(10)值具有重要影响.     

中国松嫩草原羊草植硅体对全球变暖和氮沉降模拟的响应研究

在松嫩草原应用红外线增温和人工施氮的方法对羊草群落模拟全球变暖和氮沉降,提取羊草中的植硅体,分析探讨植硅体的形态及数量变化规律.羊草中的植硅体可以划分为4个大类和12个亚类,以及较小的植硅体碎片,其中帽型植硅体含量高达70%.尖顶帽型和平顶帽型植硅体与刺帽型植硅体可能有不同的发育机制,并且尖型植硅体对施氮更为敏感;与对照相比,增温处理对羊草植硅体的发育有促进作用(长宽增加0.1～2.6μm),而施氮处理则有一定的抑制作用(长宽减小0.1～1.4μm),增温和施氮交叉作用,则施氮对羊草植硅体发育表现出的抑制作用明显减弱;施氮处理中出现其他处理中未见到的空心棒型(占棒型总量的46%),而且除棒型、帽型、尖型以外的植硅体含量增加到10%,从而推测,对于以羊草为优势植物的松嫩草原,施氮的影响可能要强于增温,如果两者同时作用,增温能在一定程度上缓解施氮的影响.实验中的羊草植硅体对模拟全球变化很敏感,说明植硅体对环境因子的改变很敏感,其作为古环境的代用指标应是可靠的.     

吉林西部退化草原土壤盐渍化特征分析

对吉林西部退化草原六种常见植被类型下的土壤(0～20 cm)盐渍化特征进行了分析。采用国际上通用的土壤饱和浸提液电导率(ECe)、碱化度(ESP)和pH分别表征土壤的盐度、钠质化和酸碱程度。土壤盐度分为轻度、中度、重度和极度四个等级,对应的变化范围分别为:2～4、4～8、8～16、>16 dS m-1;土壤钠质化程度分为轻度、中度、重度和极度四个等级,对应的ESP范围分别为:5～10%、10～20%、20～40%、>40%;土壤酸碱性分为酸性、中性和碱性三种,对应pH范围分别为<6.5,6.5～8.5、>8.5。结果表明,植被类型对土壤盐度具有很好的指示作用,按土壤盐度由高到低排列,植被类型的顺序依次为:无植被(碱斑)、碱蓬(Suaeda glauca)、碱茅(Puccinellia tenuiflora)、虎尾草(Chloris virgata)、芦苇(Phragmites australis)、羊草(Leymus chinensis)。碱斑地、碱蓬地、碱茅地和虎尾草地的盐渍土类型均为盐化钠质土(ECe>2 dS m-1,ESP>5%),其中碱斑地和碱蓬地土壤盐化程度为极度(26.54≤ECe≤176.80 dS/m)、钠质化程度为极度(50.22≤ESP≤94.54%);碱茅和虎尾草植被下土壤盐度分别为10.70≤ECe≤27.62 dS m-1和6.86≤ECe≤13.88 dS m-1,钠质化程度分别为30.97≤ESP≤60.26%和16.21≤ESP≤58.11%;芦苇地的盐化程度为1.56≤ECe≤3.37 dS/m,钠质化程度为轻度(7.82≤ESP≤15.88%);羊草地的土壤盐度和钠质化程度分别2.43≤ECe≤6.66 dS m-1和1.43≤ESP≤8.34%。就土壤pH而言,羊草地为中性(7.44≤pH≤8.23),芦苇地为中性和/或碱性(8.18≤pH≤10.02),虎尾草地、碱茅地、碱蓬地和碱斑地均为碱性(8.83≤pH≤10.63)。     

Characteristics of soil micro-and macro-arthropods and soil properties in Songnen Grassland of China during different periods of freeze–thaw season

ABSTRACT

Soil properties have an important influence on soil fauna in the grassland ecosystem. However, the relationship between the structural characteristics of soil fauna and properties in the grassland ecosystem in freeze–thaw season remains unclear. Hence, the feature of soil arthropods and properties in Songnen Grassland of China were investigated in fall–winter alternating (T1), completely frozen (T2) and winter–spring alternating periods (T3) during freeze–thaw season in three years. Results showed slight differences in the community composition of soil animals with Oribatida, Prostigmata and Mesostigmata as co-dominant groups in all sampling periods. The total number of individuals of soil arthropod at low temperature was low. The pH value, electrical conductivity (EC), and moisture content had the same order of T3?>?T2?>?T1. The activities of invertase and urease increased with increasing soil temperature, whereas protease activity had no relationship with soil temperature, soil moisture, EC and soil organic matter (SOM), activities of protease and urease were principal factors affecting individual abundance of soil animals. The sequence of their effect degrees was moisture content > EC > SOM > protease activity > urease activity. The changes in the quantitative characteristics of soil animals were related to soil properties. Therefore, soil properties can affect the structural characteristics of soil arthropod in the Songnen Grassland of China in the freeze–thaw season.     

Anatomical and physiological divergences and compensatory effects in two Leymus chinensis (Poaceae) ecotypes in Northeast China

The purpose of this study was to investigate the anatomical and physiological differences between two Leymus chinensis ecotypes coexisted in semi-humid meadow and semi-arid steppe. The study addressed the hypothesis that, at same habitat, the two ecotypes exhibit remarkable divergences in adaptive strategies under drought and salinity, and the function of these strategies is compensatory. Leaf samples were collected from each type at the two sites in field. Sections of 2 cm × 2 cm were cut from the middle of fully expanded leaves and fixed in FAA. Leaf anatomical traits (e.g. stomatal density, leaf thickness and vessel diameters) were examined, and leaf mass per area (LMA), relative water content (RWC), proline, K⁺ and Na⁺ were measured. Compared with the gray green type (GG), the yellow green type (YG) with relative greater LMA and leaf thickness, lower stomatal density and index exhibited more obvious xerophil-liked anatomical traits, while higher RWC, proline, K⁺ and K⁺/Na⁺ for the GG type suggested that the ability of osmotic adjustment and salt tolerance of the GG type were stronger than the YG type. Stronger xerophytic anatomical traits were the supplementary strategies of the YG type for its low ability of osmotic adjustment and salt tolerance to drought and salinity.Concluding, there exist significant differences in anatomical and physiological strategies between the two ecotypes and the compensatory effects of these strategies enable the two ecotypes coexist at similar habitat.     

不同退化程度羊草草原碳收支对模拟氮沉降变化的响应

2009~2010年,选择内蒙古温带典型草原区2个不同退化程度羊草群落为研究对象,利用小区模拟控制试验,设置0g·(m2·a)-1(CK)、10 g·(m2·a)-1(MN)这2个氮处理水平,模拟研究了大气氮沉降水平变化对植物净初级生产力(NPP),土壤呼吸(Rs)以及整个群落碳收支(NEE)的定量影响,比较了不同退化程度草地群落NEE对等量氮添加的响应差异.结果表明,对于轻度退化羊草草原(样地A),MN处理生长季平均地上生物量(AGB)两年分别比CK增加21.5%及46.8%,而对于中度退化羊草草原(样地B),氮添加在2009年降低了植物AGB及地上NPP(ANPP),在2010年则表现为正效应;两年氮添加均增加了样地A与样地B的根系生物量(BGB)以及样地B的地下NPP(BNPP),但降低了2010年样地A的BNPP;氮输入增加并未明显改变Rs的时间变化规律.与CK处理相比,样地A的MN处理两年土壤微生物呼吸年累积通量较CK分别增加了14.6%与25.7%,而样地B则分别降低了10.4%与11.3%;样地A与样地B两年均表现为大气的碳汇,碳汇强度(以碳计)分别为59.22 g·(m2·a)-1与166.68 g·(m2·a)-1以及83.27 g·(m2·a)-1与117.47 g·(m2·a)-1.相对于CK,样地A两年碳汇增加量分别为15.79 g·(m2·a)-1与82.94 g·(m2·a)-1,样地B分别为74.54 g·(m2·a)-1与101.23 g·(m2·a)-1,单位氮输入量在初始氮水平低的草地群落能获得更大的增汇效应.     

西蒙得木对金沙江干热河谷生态保护的作用

金沙江干热河谷生态条件恶劣，水土流失严重，对长江流域中下游特别是三峡大坝存在着极大的负面影响。治理长江流域，保护三峡大坝的重要源头是金沙江干热河谷的生态环境建设。西蒙得木生长的生态环境与金沙江干热河谷的生态环境非常相似，并且西蒙得木具有极高的经济价值，因此在金沙江干热河谷种植西蒙得木，既能改良生态环境，又能发展当地经济。     

松嫩草地羊草克隆构型特征在不同种群密度下的可塑性

对不同密度羊草(Leymuschinensis)种群的克隆构型特征进行了调查,比较在资源水平相对一致时,羊草克隆构型特征,如根茎节间长度、间隔子长度、分枝距离和分枝角度,对种群密度变化的可塑性.结果表明:随着种群密度增加,羊草根茎节间长度和间隔子长度逐渐减小,分枝角度增大,且分枝角度在不同密度间差异显著.分枝角度的频率分布格局在不同密度间也存在显著差异,种群密度高时,羊草根茎具有更多的大分枝角.此外,羊草根茎节间长度、间隔子长度和分枝角度与其种群密度具有较强的冥函数关系.羊草根茎克隆特征在不同密度间具有较强的可塑性,当种群密度低时,羊草克隆特征更趋于“游击型”;随着种群密度的增加,其“游击型”特征减弱. 图2表2参19     

Intra-specific variations of two Leymus chinensis divergence populations in Songnen Plain, Northeast China

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