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651.
Adaptation and mitigation strategies in agriculture: an analysis of potential synergies 总被引:3,自引:4,他引:3
Cynthia Rosenzweig Francesco Nicola Tubiello 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2007,12(5):855-873
As climate changes due to rising concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, agriculture will be one of the key
human activities affected. Projections show that while overall global food production in the coming decades may keep pace
with the food requirements of a growing world population, climate change might worsen existing regional disparities because
it will reduce crop yields mostly in lands located at lower latitudes where many developing countries are situated. Strategies
to enhance local adaptation capacity are therefore needed to minimize climatic impacts and to maintain regional stability
of food production. At the same time, agriculture as a sector offers several opportunities to mitigate the portion of global
greenhouse gas emissions that are directly dependent upon land use, land-use change, and land-management techniques. This
paper reviews issues of agriculture and climate change, with special attention to adaptation and mitigation. Specifically,
as adaptation and mitigation strategies in agriculture are implemented to alleviate the potential negative effects of climate
change, key synergies need to be identified, as mitigation practices may compete with modifications to local agricultural
practices aimed at maintaining production and income. Under future climate and socio-economic pressures, land managers and
farmers will be faced with challenges in regard to selecting those mitigation and adaptation strategies that together meet
food, fiber and climate policy requirements. 相似文献
652.
《环境科学学报(英文版)》2023,35(4):633-643
The present study evaluates ground-based downward surface shortwave radiation (Rs) over the coastal region of Alicante (Southeastern Spain). Hourly measurements collected over the eleven-year period 2010-2020 are used. Two weather stations located over the region capital, Alicante, have been selected as representative of urban and suburban typologies. Two additional weather stations far from the city have been selected representing rural typologies. Rs is significantly reduced over the urban station during the morning hours within the winter season compared to the observations recorded over the suburban and rural stations, with a global mean difference of -81 and -120 W/m2 at 10 LT, respectively. However, no significant differences are obtained during the midday sun, with a global mean difference of -20 W/m2 between the urban and rural stations. With the aim of explaining these differences, the current paper investigates the relationship between Rs and different air pollutants: NOx, SO2, and fine particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10) as well as the wind field measured at the urban and suburban stations. The results found in this work point towards a close relationship between Rs and NOx concentrations annual cycles, which are also influenced by the prevailing wind circulations observed over the study area. A global mean NOx concentration of 107 µg/m3 is observed over the urban station at 10 LT during the winter season. In contrast, these high concentrations are significantly reduced over the suburban station, with global mean value of 40 µg/m3 at 10 LT, for this period of the year. 相似文献
653.
背景噪声的测量和用于修正计算的问题分析及建议 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
在诸多有关噪声排放的标准中,背景噪声的定义在时间和空间位置方面的规定不够完备;相关的测量的规范方法也未对背景噪声的测量作了规定。实际操作上的“非同时性”给背景噪声的测量结果及用于修正均带来一些失准问题。文中分析了这些问题并提出了初步建议。 相似文献
654.
655.
Michel Jan Niklas Cathy Trudinger Jason Lowe Ben Matthews Brd Romstad Christiano Pires de Campos Natalia Andronova 《Environmental Science & Policy》2005,8(6):614
This paper evaluates the influence of different policy-related and scientific choices on the calculated regional contributions to global climate change (the “Brazilian Proposal”). Policy-related choices include the time period of emissions, the mix of greenhouse gases and different indicators of climate change impacts. The scientific choices include historical emissions and model representations of the climate system. We generated and compared results of several simple climate models. We find that the relative contributions of different nations to global climate change—from emissions of greenhouse gases alone—are quite robust, despite the varying model complexity and differences in calculated absolute changes. For the default calculations, the average calculated contributions to the global mean surface temperature increase in 2000 are about 40% from OECD, 14% from Eastern Europe and Former Soviet Union, 24% from Asia and 22% from Africa and Latin America. Policy-related choices, such as time period of emissions, climate change indicator and gas mix generally have larger influence on the results than scientific choices. More specifically, choosing a later attribution start date (1990 instead of 1890) for historical emissions, decreases the contributions of regions that started emitting early, such as the OECD countries by 6 percentage points, whereas it increases the contribution of late emitters such as Asia by 8 percentage points. However, only including the fossil CO2 emissions instead of the emissions of all Kyoto gases (fossil and land use change), increases the OECD contributions by 21 percentage points and decreases the contribution of Asia by 14 percentage points. 相似文献
656.
杨富新 《辽宁城乡环境科技》2004,24(5):26-28
假定在控制区与控制区以外区域的大气稳定度及气候条件基本相同的条件下,重点研究用控制区高斯点源模型估算外来源对控制区影响的方法.并以朝鲜新义州市排放的SO2对丹东市区的影响为实例予以验证,从而确立了一种新的利用控制区高斯点源模型估算外来源对控制区贡献的新方法。 相似文献
657.
658.
基于江苏省高速公路沿线服务区、收费站、办公楼屋面面积以及服务区停车场面积统计数据,估算了可利用屋面面积和进行光伏车棚改造的服务区停车场面积。测算了光伏屋面、光伏车棚的装机规模和发电量,结合高速公路用电情况分析了运行方式。经测算:江苏省高速公路服务区和收费站屋面可安装光伏发电总装机容量为32 MW,首年发电量为3200万kWh,全省高速公路光伏屋面25年发电总量约7.3亿kWh;江苏省高速公路光伏车棚可安装光伏发电装机容量约11 MW,25年发电总量约2.5亿kWh;高速公路站区光伏系统所发电量均小于其昼间用电量,站区光伏发电能够以“自发自用”的模式运行。 相似文献
659.
Nini Pang Jian Gao Fei Che Tong M Su Liu Yan Yang Pusheng Zhao Jie Yuan Jiayuan Liu Zhongjun Xu Fahe Chai 《环境科学学报(英文版)》2020,32(9):201-209
To investigate the cause of fine particulate matter (particles with an aerodynamic diameter less than 2.5 µm, PM2.5) pollution in the heating season in the North China Plain (specifically Beijing, Tianjin, and Langfang), water-soluble ions and carbonaceous components in PM2.5 were simultaneously measured by online instruments with 1-hr resolution, from November 15, 2016 to March 15, 2017. The results showed extreme severity of PM2.5 pollution on a regional scale. Secondary inorganic ions (SNA, i.e., NO3?+SO42+ NH4+) dominated the water-soluble ions, accounting for 30%-40% of PM2.5, while the total carbon (TC, i.e., OC + EC) contributed to 26.5%-30.1% of PM2.5 in the three cities. SNA were mainly responsible for the increasing PM2.5 pollution compared with organic matter (OM). NO3? was the most abundant species among water-soluble ions, but SO42- played a much more important role in driving the elevated PM2.5 concentrations. The relative humidity (RH) and its precursor SO2 were the key factors affecting the formation of sulfate. Homogeneous reactions dominated the formation of nitrate which was mainly limited by HNO3 in ammonia-rich conditions. Secondary formation and regional transport from the heavily polluted region promoted the growth of PM2.5 concentrations in the formation stage of PM2.5 pollution in Beijing and Langfang. Regional transport or local emissions, along with secondary formation, made great contributions to the PM2.5 pollution in the evolution stage of PM2.5 pollution in Beijing and Langfang. The favourable meteorological conditions and regional transport from a relatively clean region both favored the diffusion of pollutants in all three cities. 相似文献
660.
Zoe S. Nivolianitou Barbara M. Synodinou Olga N. Aneziris 《Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries》2004,17(6):419-429
This paper presents a methodology for the calculation of atmospheric stability classes in correlation with wind velocities for six sites of the Greek territory, namely Ellinikon (Athens), Elefsis, Megara, Heraklion, Chania and Patras, based on real data obtained from meteorological observations in these sites and on computations related with their geographic position. In addition to that, a comparison is presented of the atmospheric stability classes produced with online measurements for the Ellinikon (Athens) site with significant coincidence in the results.
These calculated values of the meteorological parameters (particularly of atmospheric stability) are most appropriate for uncertainty calculations in quantified risk assessments (QRAs) of hazardous installations sited in the above-mentioned areas, especially when risk and safety-related decisions need to be taken. Consequent results obtained with these parameters are more realistic compared to the “classical” assumption of D5/F2, which leads to significant diversification in the estimation of risk. 相似文献