上海地区大气二氧化硫污染的控制对策

上海地区的能源结构以燃煤为主。针对上海的实际和未来的发展态势，为实现２０００年全市二氧化硫排放总量不超过１９９５年水平的目标，就如何削减二氧化硫排放量提出了５个方面的对策建议，阐述了削减二氧化硫的基本技术政策要点和总体方案思路。     

工业区环境保护规划及综合评价指标体系研究

在阐述了工业区环境保护规划技术要点编制的原则及主要内容的基础上，对其核心部分即工业区环境综合评价指标体系的建立及作用进行了探讨。指标体系可分三级：一级为综合指标，满分为１００分；二级指标为环境质量指标、环境整洁指标、环境经济指示等３项，权重依次为４５％、２５％和３０％；三级指标共１４项。指标体系是以基层工业区（３级工业区）结构特征来建立的，其上、下限的确定以上海环境、经济指标为前提，不同地区在采用     

大气环境质量目标值的保证率分析

对城市大气污染物的日平均浓度及年日平均浓度的关系进行了分析,并指出在不同的城市及区域由于气象条件和地表因子存在差异,在确定“质量目标”时日平均浓度达标“保证率”是一个重要的因素。十年来监测资料分析表明,常州市区若以TSP年日平均值0.072mg/m~3,SO_2年日平均值0.06mg/m~3作为“质量目标”,相应的TSP、SO_2日平均浓度达标(国家二级标准)保证率将分别为90％、98％。     

华南地区春季酸沉降区域源解析

应用IDNN区域源解析模式,处理了1986年2—8月间华南地区观测的酸雨样品,识别了春季广东、广西地区酸雨区域漂,结果得到,80％以上H~+、50％SO_4~(2-)和60％NO_3~-来源于南岭以北地区。     

大气中颗粒物组分的ICP—AES法测定

研究了适用于大气颗粒物组分测定的采样膜、采样时间及采样量。应用ICP—AES技术,测得了6500个大气颗粒物数据。并与中子活化法进行了方法对照。     

臭氧层减少对沿海地区大气温度与环境的影响

利用青岛市连９年的主空探测资料，分析也大气温度的变化与高空臭氧层有关，高层气温与地面气温呈负相关变化。高空臭氧减少，使沿海地区温度梯度加大，在不我向时可能造成大气污染加重，暖气团辐合上升，易将大气污染物挟带支支中，当酸性物大于碱性物时形成酸雨，产生一系大气环境问题。     

渤海西岸微量元素表生地球化学特征

本文讨论了有关:1)痕量元素地球化学背景值;2)痕量元素地球化学表征;及3)我国某些地区若干痕量元素的背景值。     

Nitration and hydroxylation of benzene in the presence of nitrite/nitrous acid in aqueous solution

This paper studies the nitration and hydroxylation of benzene in the presence of nitrite/nitrous acid in aqueous solution, both in the dark upon addition of hydrogen peroxide and under 360 nm irradiation. In both cases the detected transformation intermediates were phenol (P), nitrobenzene (NB), 2-nitrophenol (2NP) and 4-nitrophenol (4NP). P and NB directly form from benzene, and the initial formation rate of P is at least an order of magnitude higher than that of NB. In our experiments nitrophenols arise from P nitration, as can be inferred by their time evolution and isomer ratio (2NP:4NP=60:40, 3NP below detection limit). Nitrophenols may also form upon hydroxylation of NB, but in a different ratio (2NP:3NP:4NP=45:30:25). The detection of 3NP is thus a marker for the hydroxylation of NB, since this isomer is not formed in P nitration processes. The formation rates of P and NB increase with decreasing pH, both in the presence of HNO₂ + H₂O₂ in the dark (which produce HOONO) and in the presence of NO₂⁻/HNO₂ under irradiation. In the former case the pH dependence reflects the formation rate of HOONO. In the case of the irradiation experiments the pH effect can be accounted for by the higher molar absorbivity and photolysis quantum yield of nitrous acid when compared with nitrite. Interestingly, benzene does not react with HNO₂ alone in the dark. An important feature of benzene nitration in the presence of NO₂⁻/HNO₂ under irradiation is that the process is not inhibited by the addition of hydroxyl scavengers, differently from the case of phenol nitration. This finding indicates that nitrite irradiation might lead to the nitration of certain aromatic compounds in natural waters even in the presence of natural hydroxyl scavenging agents, which are usually thought to limit the environmental role of many photochemical processes.     

烟气黑度多媒体联网监测系统

系统实现了64个预置点的烟气排放林格曼指数自动监测功能，系统可以工作在手动模式和自动扫描模式。每一个预置点都有3个参考区域，通过扣除背景有效地降低了误报概率，对于超标数据采取本地数据库和远程数据库同时存储的方法，远程数据库提供了基于局域网上的分级查询和统计，超标图像存储采用JPEG图像格式和自定义的无损压缩格式。     

Multiscale Plume Transport from the Collapse of the World Trade Center on September 11, 2001

The collapse of the world trade center (WTC) produced enhanced levels of airborne contaminants in New York City and nearby areas on September 11, 2001 through December, 2001. This catastrophic event revealed the vulnerability of the urban environment, and the inability of many existing air monitoring systems to operate efficiently in a crisis. The contaminants released circulated within the street canyons, but were also lifted above the urban canopy and transported over large distances, reflecting the fact that pollutant transport affects multiple scales, from single buildings through city blocks to mesoscales. In this study, ground-and space-based observations were combined with numerical weather forecast fields to initialize fine-scale numerical simulations. The effort is aimed at reconstructing pollutant dispersion from the WTC in New York City to surrounding areas, to provide means for eventually evaluating its effect on population and environment. Atmospheric dynamics were calculated with the multi-grid Regional Atmospheric Modeling System (RAMS), covering scales from 250 m to 300 km and contaminant transport was studied using the Hybrid Particle and Concentration Transport (HYPACT) model that accepts RAMS meteorological output. The RAMS/HYPACT results were tested against PM2.5 observations from the roofs of public schools in New York City (NYC), Landsat images, and Multi-angle Imaging SpectroRadiometer (MISR) retrievals. Calculations accurately reproduced locations and timing of PM2.5 peak aerosol concentrations, as well as plume directionality. By comparing calculated and observed concentrations, the effective magnitude of the aerosol source was estimated. The simulated pollutant distributions are being used to characterize levels of human exposure and associated environmental health impacts.