环境影响评价类型的发展

通过对区域环境影响评价（ＲＤＥＩＡ）及累积影响评价（ＣＩＡ）、战略影响评价（ＳＥＡ）的产生原因、概念、研究方法，研究状况等方面的介绍及与项目ＥＩＡ的比较，说明ＲＤＥＩＡ、ＣＩＡ、ＳＥＡ的兴起是实行可持续发展战略的要求．     

Heavy metal (Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb) contamination of vegetables in urban India: a case study in Varanasi

The contributions of heavy metals in selected vegetables through atmospheric deposition were quantified in an urban area of India. Deposition rate of Zn was recorded maximum followed by Cu, Cd and Pb. The concentrations of Zn and Cu were highest in Brassica oleracea, Cd in Abelmoschus esculentus and B. oleracea, while Pb was highest in Beta vulgaris. Heavy metal pollution index showed that B. oleracea was maximally contaminated with heavy metals followed by A. esculentus and then B. vulgaris. The results of washing showed that atmospheric deposition has contributed to the increased levels of heavy metals in vegetables. Both Cu and Cd posed health risk to local population via test vegetables consumption, whereas Pb posed the same only through B. oleracea. The study concludes that atmospheric depositions can elevate the levels of heavy metals in vegetables during marketing having potential health hazards to consumers.     

Active moss biomonitoring of trace elements with Sphagnum girgensohnii moss bags in relation to atmospheric bulk deposition in Belgrade, Serbia

Active biomonitoring with wet and dry moss bags was used to examine trace element atmospheric deposition in the urban area of Belgrade. The element accumulation capability of Sphagnum girgensohnii Russow was tested in relation to atmospheric bulk deposition. Moss bags were mounted for five 3-month periods (July 2005-October 2006) at three representative urban sites. For the same period monthly bulk atmospheric deposition samples were collected. The concentrations of Al, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Cd, and Pb were determined by instrumental neutron activation analyses and atomic absorption spectrometry. Significant accumulation of most elements occurred in the exposed moss bags compared with the initial moss content. High correlations between the elements in moss and bulk deposits were found for V, Cu, As, and Ni. The enrichment factors of the elements for both types of monitor followed the same pattern at the corresponding sites.     

Summer time haze characteristics of the urban atmosphere of Gwangju and the rural atmosphere of Anmyon, Korea

An extensive visibility monitoring was carried out simultaneously in the urban area of Gwangju and the rural area of Anmyon, Korea. This study examines patterns of visibility impairment and haze-forming pollutant concentrations on both sites resulting from natural and anthropogenic sources of gases and particles. Optical visibility measurements by a transmissometer, a nephelometer and an aethalometer provide aerosol light extinction, scattering, and absorption coefficients for both sites. In order to investigate the physico-chemical characteristics of atmospheric aerosols, aerosol samples were collected by various aerosol samplers at GJVMS (Gwangju Visibility Monitoring Station) and at KGAWO (Korea Global Atmosphere Watch Observatory), respectively. In addition, haze characteristics causing visibility impairment at those two sites were analyzed to obtain source contributions by regionally transported aerosols using grid analysis and display system (GrADS) from NECP reanalysis data. During the intensive monitoring period, ammonium sulfate was dominantly responsible for the fine particle mass loading at GJVMS, whereas organic carbon was the largest contributor at KGAWO. Light scattering by particles accounted for 52.8 to 81.3% of the range at the urban site, GJVMS and for 72.1 to 94.2% of the range at the rural site, KGAWO. Light absorption by the EC and NO₂ was between 14.5 and 34.8% at GJVMS, which was higher than the observed 1.1 ∼ 6.8% at KGAWO, respectively. Light scattering by aerosol was higher in the rural area than in the urban area. And organic carbon concentration was observed to be significantly higher than the concentration of elemental carbon at KGAWO. These haze-forming carbonaceous particles originate from anthropogenic pollutants at the urban atmosphere but they can be produced by natural environments such as marine and forest at the rural atmosphere.     

南充市酸雨的时空分布及其形成机制的初步探讨

以四川南充市为研究对象,笔者于2003-2004年连续两年对降水进行采样分析,共获取降雨数据520个,对该市酸雨的变化趋势进行了分析和讨论,并采用统计学上的主成分分析法确定该市近几年来降水化学成分中主要污染物.通过对降水中化学离子物的分析,阐明了该市酸雨的主要成因;从大气相对湿度及其颗粒物与降水pH值、[SO42-]等的对照关系对该区域的酸雨形成机制问题进行了初步探讨.     

大气环境质量评价的属性识别法

阐述了评价大气环境质量的属性识别法,介绍了属性识别理论模型和属性权重的确定方法,并根据GB 3095—1996((大气环境质量标准》,分别采用模糊数学综合评价法和属性识别法对武汉市大气环境监测结果进行了实例评价,结果表明,用属性识别法评价的结果比用模糊数学综合评价法评价的结果更能反映真实情况。     

拉萨市大气污染分布特征及气象影响因子分析

以2001～2006年拉萨市的空气环境质量自动监测结果为基础数据,阐明拉萨市区主要大气污染物SO2、NO2、PM10的逐日变化、季节变化以及年变化特征.在此基础上,分析了大气污染物浓度与气象条件的关系.结果表明,除NO2日夜差别不大之外,SO2与PM10质量浓度分别存在典型的单峰、双峰变化;各污染物质量浓度具有冬强夏弱的季节变化规律;就年平均而言,SO2浓度增加,PM10浓度降低,NO2浓度变化不显著,各污染物有明显的突变现象.大多数气象要素与污染物浓度具有较好的负相关,即满足降水量增加、温度升高、相对湿度增大会导致污染物浓度减小的规律,气象要素量级与大气污染天数多少也存在密切关系.     

颗粒物质量浓度对大气能见度水平影响分析

通过观察不同天气条件下颗粒物质量浓度水平上升伴随大气能见度水平下降,对颗粒物质量浓度-大气能见度相关性分析,得到相关方程,根据颗粒物污染水平分析预测大气能见度,为灰霾预报提供依据.     

背景修正对噪声监测结果影响的探讨与实践

分析了背景噪声测量不确定性以及背景修正对噪声监测结果的影响,提出,在实际噪声测量工作中,当测量值与背景值的差值≥3 dB且测量值修正结果与排放限值非常接近时,以及当测量值与背景值的差值3 dB且测量值与排放限值的差值≤4 dB时,对背景噪声进行重复测量,计算背景噪声测量不确定性,利用公式法进行定量背景修正的建议,并在噪声测量和数据处理过程中降低背景噪声测量不确定性,从而减少背景修正对噪声测量结果的影响,更加客观地反映噪声的真实情况。     

灰色关联分析模型在环境空气质量评价中的修正及应用研究

在深入研究灰色理论的基础上,对传统关联分析模型做了两点修正,先是利用参考点简化了模型的计算公式,再根据各污染物排放贡献率的不同确定了各级权重系数。利用此模型准确反映了杭州市经济技术开发区2003年环境空气质量综合等级为Ⅲ级,并对不同样本的空气质量进行了优劣性比较,进一步分析了该区因子与因子及因子与总量之间的相关关联程度,确定该区大气主要污染物为PM10。