大气中痕量持久性有机污染物年均值的测定

采用以XAD-2树脂为吸附介质的大气被动采样器,在四川卧龙自然保护区设置6个采样点,进行了为期2年（2005年-2007年）的环境大气样品采集。用气相色谱-高分辨质谱方法对HCB,HCHs,DDTs和PCBs测定。结果表明,平行样品的重现性良好,平均相对偏差为9％。POPs检测下限的范围为1．0pg／m^3-5．9pg／m^3。2年的年均值数据表现出较好的一致性和规律性。以XAD-2树脂为吸附介质的大气被动采样器能够便利地采集进而测定半年或一年污染物的平均浓度,可以经济、有效地获得大气中痕量POPs的年均值。ρ（α—HCH）／ρ（γ-HCH）从成都到卧龙的上升的趋势反映的是传输过程中HCH的降解;而卧龙地区跨年度数据所反映出的ρ（α—HCH）／ρ（γ-HCH）下降趋势,可以归因于林丹的使用。     

珠江三角洲地区大气环境条件的层结特征分析

利用150m内的低探资料,研究了珠江三角洲地区大气环境条件的层结特点,结果表明逆温出现频率较高,逆温层数偏多,逆温层高度低、厚度薄、强度较弱。分析得出该地区的大气环境条件具偏稳定的特征。      

青岛大气颗粒物的扫描电镜研究和污染源识别

应用扫描电镜－X射线能谱对青岛市大气颗粒物定性分析。单个颗粒物分析和多个颗粒物复合分析的结果,为污染源识别和相对重要性的估计提供了重要信息:青岛市大气颗粒物的来源,主要有土壤扬尘和燃煤飞灰、硫酸钙和其他硫酸盐类的二次颗粒物、有机物质颗粒物、天然海盐、工业钡盐与其他类型的工业排放。      

Characteristics of size distributions and sources of water-soluble ions in Lhasa during monsoon and non-monsoon seasons

To understand the physical and chemical characteristics, particle size distribution and sources of size-separated aerosols in Lhasa, which is located on the Tibetan Plateau (TP), six sizes of aerosol samples were collected in Lhasa in 2014. Ca²⁺, NH₄⁺, NO₃^?, SO₄^2?and Cl^? were the dominant ions. The ratio of cation equivalents (CE) to anion equivalents (AE) for each particle size segment indicated that the atmospheric aerosols in Lhasa were alkaline. SO₄^2? and NO3^? could be neutralized by Ca²⁺, but could not be neutralized by NH₄⁺, according to the [NH₄⁺]/[NO₃^??+?SO₄^2?] and [Ca²⁺]/[NO₃^??+?SO₄^2?] ratios. Mobile sources were dominant in PM_0.95–1.5, PM_1.5–3 and PM_3–7.2, while stationary sources were dominant in the other three size fractions according to the [NO₃^?]/[SO₄^2?] ratios. The particle size distribution of all water-soluble ions during monsoon and non-monsoon periods was characterized by a bimodal distribution due to the different sources and formation mechanisms, and it was revealed that different ions had different sources in different seasons and different particle size segments by combining particle size distribution with correlation analysis. Source analysis of aerosols in Lhasa was performed using the Principal component analysis (PCA) for the first time, which revealed that combustion sources, motor vehicle exhaust, photochemical reaction sources and various types of dust were the main sources of Lhasa aerosols. Furthermore, Lhasa''s air quality was also affected by long-distance transmission, expressed as pollutants from South Asiaand West Asia, which were transmitted to Lhasa according to backward trajectory analysis.     

Strong ozone production at a rural site in theNorth China Plain: Mixed effects of urban plumesand biogenic emissions

Regional ozone (O₃) pollution has drawn increasing attention in China over the recent decade, but the contributions from urban pollution and biogenic emissions have not been clearly elucidated. To better understand the formation of the regional O₃ problem in the North China Plain (NCP), intensive field measurements of O₃ and related parameters were conducted at a rural site downwind of Ji'nan, the capital city of Shandong province, in the summer of 2013. Markedly severe O₃ pollution was recorded, with the O₃ mixing ratios exceeding the Chinese national ambient air quality standard on 28?days (a frequency of 78%) and with a maximum hourly value of 198 ppbv. Extensive regional transport of well-processed urban plumes to the site was identified. An observation-constrained chemical box model was deployed to evaluate in situ photochemical O₃ production on two episodes. The results show that the in situ formation accounted for approximately 46% of the observed O₃ accumulation, while the remainder (~ 54%) was contributed by regional transport of the O₃-laden urban plumes. The in situ ozone production was in a mixed controlled regime that reducing either NOx or VOCs would lead to a reduction of ozone formation. Biogenic VOCs played an important role in the local ozone formation. This study demonstrates the significant mixed effects of both anthropogenic pollution from urban zones and biogenic emission in rural areas on the regional O₃ pollution in the NCP region, and may have general applicability in facilitating the understanding of the formation of secondary pollution over China.     

新导则下大气环境影响评价实例分析及建议

结合某有色金属冶炼厂大气污染物排放源强和保护目标分布特点．通过对EIAA和AERMOD模型预测结果进行比较,分析两种模型预测结果的差异性。根据对AERMOD预测结果和大气环境防护距离计算结果的综合分析．提出了新导则下大气环境影响评价的建议和急需解决的问题。     

区域滑坡地质灾害危险性评价与风险管理

<正>随着社会经济的飞速发展,人类生存空间不断向山区扩展,使得近年滑坡等山地灾害的发生越来越频繁,人们越来越认识到防范和减轻滑坡等地质灾害对社会经济发展的重要性,迫切需要寻求对滑坡地质灾害进行更为有效地控制和管理的现实途径。而区域滑坡地质灾害危险性评价是滑坡地质灾害风险评价和风险管理的基础,本文在这一领域做了有益的探讨,取得了以下主要成果:     

2006年秋冬两季图们市大气气溶胶中多环芳烃分布规律

大气气溶胶是目前大多数城市的首要污染物,其中的多环芳烃是对人体健康危害最大的环境污染物之一。通过图们市2006年9月、12月4个采样点的大气气溶胶样品分析,研究了大气气溶胶中多环芳烃的分布规律。采用超声波萃取法提取样品中的多环芳烃,然后对其进行旋蒸浓缩,氮气吹至1ml,用高效液相色谱进行定性和定量分析。实验结果表明,美国EPA优先控制的16种多环芳烃普遍存在于图们市区的大气气溶胶中。图们市不同时空大气气溶胶中多环芳烃的分布具有一定的规律性。     

对应分析在大气颗粒物源解析中的应用研究

采用对应分析方法定性研究龙岩市大气颗粒物来源问题。结果表明:龙岩市4个监测点位中龙岩市环境监测站的主要污染源为高岭土矿和土壤风沙尘;龙岩学院与闽西职业技术学院的主要污染源为机动车尾气尘、燃煤尘和土壤风沙尘;龙岩师专的主要污染源为燃煤尘、小煤炉尘、水泥成品、水泥厂除尘器集尘和钢铁厂除尘器集尘。该方法能将R型因子分析和Q型因子分析结合起来,综合体现样品和元素之间的关系,为大气颗粒物源解析提供了一种新的途径。     

鞍山市大气尘和金属元素沉降通量及污染特征

通过采集鞍山市11个点位的降尘样品以及土壤样品,用ICP-MS分析了Cu、Mn、Zn、Pb等元素含量,并计算其沉降通量。结果表明,鞍山地区大气降尘的沉降通量为2.92～59.8g/(m2.month),其中鞍钢厂区沉降通量均值为31.6g/(m2.month),分别是周边地区和对照地区的4.72倍和10.5倍。重金属As、Cr、Pb和Cd的沉降通量分别为3.78、45.5、42.8、0.457g/(hm2.month)。降尘中各元素的富集系数为0.29～190,其中Cu、Fe、Zn、Mo、Cd、Pb和Se的富集系数大于10,说明这些元素主要来自于人为源。鞍钢厂区土壤中Cu、Pb、Mn、Zn、Mo、Cd、Ca、Fe和Se的含量较辽宁省土壤背景值高,说明其土壤环境已经受到了人类活动的影响。