Characteristics of size distributions and sources of water-soluble ions in Lhasa during monsoon and non-monsoon seasons

To understand the physical and chemical characteristics, particle size distribution and sources of size-separated aerosols in Lhasa, which is located on the Tibetan Plateau (TP), six sizes of aerosol samples were collected in Lhasa in 2014. Ca²⁺, NH₄⁺, NO₃^?, SO₄^2?and Cl^? were the dominant ions. The ratio of cation equivalents (CE) to anion equivalents (AE) for each particle size segment indicated that the atmospheric aerosols in Lhasa were alkaline. SO₄^2? and NO3^? could be neutralized by Ca²⁺, but could not be neutralized by NH₄⁺, according to the [NH₄⁺]/[NO₃^??+?SO₄^2?] and [Ca²⁺]/[NO₃^??+?SO₄^2?] ratios. Mobile sources were dominant in PM_0.95–1.5, PM_1.5–3 and PM_3–7.2, while stationary sources were dominant in the other three size fractions according to the [NO₃^?]/[SO₄^2?] ratios. The particle size distribution of all water-soluble ions during monsoon and non-monsoon periods was characterized by a bimodal distribution due to the different sources and formation mechanisms, and it was revealed that different ions had different sources in different seasons and different particle size segments by combining particle size distribution with correlation analysis. Source analysis of aerosols in Lhasa was performed using the Principal component analysis (PCA) for the first time, which revealed that combustion sources, motor vehicle exhaust, photochemical reaction sources and various types of dust were the main sources of Lhasa aerosols. Furthermore, Lhasa''s air quality was also affected by long-distance transmission, expressed as pollutants from South Asiaand West Asia, which were transmitted to Lhasa according to backward trajectory analysis.     

Strong ozone production at a rural site in theNorth China Plain: Mixed effects of urban plumesand biogenic emissions

Regional ozone (O₃) pollution has drawn increasing attention in China over the recent decade, but the contributions from urban pollution and biogenic emissions have not been clearly elucidated. To better understand the formation of the regional O₃ problem in the North China Plain (NCP), intensive field measurements of O₃ and related parameters were conducted at a rural site downwind of Ji'nan, the capital city of Shandong province, in the summer of 2013. Markedly severe O₃ pollution was recorded, with the O₃ mixing ratios exceeding the Chinese national ambient air quality standard on 28?days (a frequency of 78%) and with a maximum hourly value of 198 ppbv. Extensive regional transport of well-processed urban plumes to the site was identified. An observation-constrained chemical box model was deployed to evaluate in situ photochemical O₃ production on two episodes. The results show that the in situ formation accounted for approximately 46% of the observed O₃ accumulation, while the remainder (~ 54%) was contributed by regional transport of the O₃-laden urban plumes. The in situ ozone production was in a mixed controlled regime that reducing either NOx or VOCs would lead to a reduction of ozone formation. Biogenic VOCs played an important role in the local ozone formation. This study demonstrates the significant mixed effects of both anthropogenic pollution from urban zones and biogenic emission in rural areas on the regional O₃ pollution in the NCP region, and may have general applicability in facilitating the understanding of the formation of secondary pollution over China.     

新导则下大气环境影响评价实例分析及建议

结合某有色金属冶炼厂大气污染物排放源强和保护目标分布特点．通过对EIAA和AERMOD模型预测结果进行比较,分析两种模型预测结果的差异性。根据对AERMOD预测结果和大气环境防护距离计算结果的综合分析．提出了新导则下大气环境影响评价的建议和急需解决的问题。     

区域滑坡地质灾害危险性评价与风险管理

<正>随着社会经济的飞速发展,人类生存空间不断向山区扩展,使得近年滑坡等山地灾害的发生越来越频繁,人们越来越认识到防范和减轻滑坡等地质灾害对社会经济发展的重要性,迫切需要寻求对滑坡地质灾害进行更为有效地控制和管理的现实途径。而区域滑坡地质灾害危险性评价是滑坡地质灾害风险评价和风险管理的基础,本文在这一领域做了有益的探讨,取得了以下主要成果:     

Vertical distributions of tropospheric SO2 based on MAX-DOAS observations: Investigating the impacts of regional transport at different heights in the boundary layer

Information on the vertical distribution of air pollutants is essential for understanding their spatiotemporal evolution underlying urban atmospheric environment. This paper presents the SO₂ profiles based on ground-based Multi-Axis Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (MAX-DOAS) measurements from March 2018 to February 2019 in Hefei, East China. SO₂ decrease rapidly with increasing heights in the warm season, while lifted layers were observed in the cold season, indicating accumulation or long-range transport of SO₂ in different seasons might occur at different heights. The diurnal variations of SO₂ were roughly consistent for all four seasons, exhibiting the minimum at noon and higher values in the morning and late afternoon. Lifted layers of SO₂ were observed in the morning for fall and winter, implying the accumulation or transport of SO₂ in the morning mainly occurred at the top of the boundary layer. The bivariate polar plots showed that weighted SO₂ concentrations in the lower altitude were weakly dependent on wind, but in the middle and upper altitudes, higher weighted SO₂ concentrations were observed under conditions of middle-high wind speed. Concentration weighted trajectory (CWT) analysis suggested that potential sources of SO₂ in spring and summer were local and transported mainly occurred in the lower altitude from southern and eastern areas; while in fall and winter, SO₂ concentrations were deeply affected by long-range transport from northwestern and northern polluted regions in the middle and upper altitudes. Our findings provide new insight into the impacts of regional transport at different heights in the boundary layer on SO₂ pollution.     

黄浦江上游优先控制有机物的筛选

参考国内外同行有关控制物的筛选方法，通过黄浦江上游饮用水源保护区内水质的污染现状分析，确立了黄浦江上游水源保护区优先控制污染物的筛选原则和筛选程序，建立了黄浦江上游工业废水和地面水中的优先控制的名单。     

大气颗粒物中铅污染来源解析技术

近年来,我国大气颗粒物中铅的污染比较严重,其来源比较复杂.大气颗粒物中铅污染来源的解析比较成熟的主要有同位素丰度比、无机多元素分析、质子微探针技术等方法,而序列提取、化学形态分析等技术还处于探索阶段.     

大气回顾评价的探索

本文提出了重庆电厂大气回顾评价的设计方案。在分析厂址区域污染气象特征的基础上,对高斯型模式计算各种条件下的浓度值提出了修正方法,修正的浓度值与实际监测值间的相关系数为0.760,表明所选用评价模式和扩散参数在厂址区域的适用性。     

贯彻《大气污染防治行动计划》力促环境空气质量改善

我国政府审时度势,近日制定和出台《大气污染防治行动计划》,表明我国政府治理大气环境污染、改善民生的决心,同时也标志着我国大气环境管理进入新的历史性转折时期。本文在阐述《行动计划》的总体要求、奋斗目标和具体目标以及十大具体措施基础上,揭示了其主要关键突破点和确保政策落实的重要保障措施。     

中国湖泊水环境基准的研究进展

中国湖泊污染形势严峻、生态健康效应复杂,亟需适合中国区域特点的水环境基准作为加强污染控制、治理和管理的理论依据,但目前我国湖泊水环境基准的系统研究尚未开展,本文从水环境基准的意义、概念、研究历史、现状和发展趋势等几个方面对中国湖泊水环境基准研究进行了剖析回顾和展望:首先阐述了开展区域性水环境基准研究的迫切性和科学意义,揭示了"科学确定基准"的内涵;然后详细回顾了国内外湖泊水环境基准的研究历史、现状及存在的关键问题,提出了湖泊水环境基准的"三性"原则(科学性、基础性和区域性),指出环境暴露、效应识别和风险评估是基准研究的三个关键环节;最后提出中国湖泊水环境基准的研究方向和发展趋势,本文强调:阐明中国水环境的演变规律和特征,需要开展水环境污染过程和生态毒理效应研究;建立具有我国区域特点的湖泊水环境基准理论、技术和方法体系是面向国际科学前沿和解决中国环境管理重大科技需求的重要任务,它既可推动中国毒理学、生物学、生态学及环境与生物地球化学等学科的发展,又可为湖泊流域的环境管理和污染防治提供技术支撑,整体提升我国环境保护科学研究的水平和国际地位.