Biomonitoring of ²¹⁰Po and ²¹⁰Pb using lichens and mosses around coal-fired power plants in Western Turkey

Mosses and lichens are useful biological indicators of environmental contamination for a variety of metals and radionuclides of both natural and artificial origin. These plants lack a well-developed root system and rely largely on atmospheric deposition for nourishment. Therefore in the study, different lichens (Cladonia convoluta, Cladonia foliacea) and mosses (Homalothecium sericeum, Hypnum lacunosum, Hypnum cupressiforme, Tortella tortuosa, Didymodon acutus, Syntrichia ruralis, Syntrichia intermedia, Pterogonium graciale, Isothecium alopecuroides, Pleurochatae squarrosa) were collected around the Yata?an (Mu?la), Soma (Manisa), Seyitömer - Tunçbilek (Kütahya) coal-fired power plants and investigated for potential use as biomonitors for ²¹⁰Po and ²¹⁰Pb deposition. While the activity concentrations of ²¹⁰Po and ²¹⁰Pb in lichens are in the ranges of 151 ± 7-593 ± 21 and 97 ± 5-364 ± 13 Bq kg⁻¹, for mosses the ranges for ²¹⁰Po and ²¹⁰Pb are 124 ± 5-1125 ± 38 and 113 ± 4-490 ± 17 Bq kg⁻¹, respectively. In the study, the moss samples were observed to accumulate more ²¹⁰Po and ²¹⁰Pb compared to lichens. While the most suitable biomonitor was a moss species (H. lacunosum) for Yata?an (Mu?la), it was another moss species (S. intermedia) for Soma (Manisa) and Seyitömer - Tunçbilek (Kütahya) sites. ²¹⁰Po concentrations were found higher than ²¹⁰Pb concentrations at the all sampling stations.     

人力资本流动对地区经济增长差距的影响

由于具有不同教育背景和不同技术条件的劳动力对流入地经济增长的推动肯定是不相同的．因而我们有必要分别考察具有不同人力资本含量的劳动力对流入地经济增长的贡献。本文引入了一个包含异质型流动人口变量的函数。并对1985—1990年期间我国分地区流动人口的素质状况对地区经济增长的影响进行了研究。研究结果显示，在此期间．仅流动人口中的智力资本就为我国的经济增长带来了大约72．5亿元国民生产总值的价值；而分地区的研究结果显示．流动人口中的智力资本也极大地促进了东部地区和西部地区的经济增长。但是，对中部来说，在此期间的流动人口不管是从对劳动力数量的增长贡献上。还是从对本地区人力资本存量的增长贡献上，都对本地区经济增长产生了消极的影响。     

The relationships of sprawl and ozone air quality in United States' metropolitan areas

This article reports the results of an examination of the relationships between degree of sprawl and improvements in ozone air quality for 52 metropolitan areas in the US. It also examines state political alignment and environmental resources with regard to these two primary objects of investigation. Evidence of a relationship between sprawl and air quality improvement was identified, but the evidence is ambiguous. More research appears warranted to explore the sprawl–air quality improvement relationship. Electronic Publication     

知识产权制度建设与工业污染排放

知识产权制度面对低碳绿色的高质量发展需求能否成为抑制中国城市工业污染的隐蔽力量？该研究将知识产权示范城市创建视为准自然实验,在阐释知识产权制度建设影响工业污染排放的作用机理基础上,采用2003—2019年长江经济带108个城市的面板数据（该研究始于2003年,此时长江经济带11个省份总共有109个地级以上城市,2011年巢湖市被撤并,最后剩余108个地级以上城市）,运用多期双重差分法实证检验知识产权制度建设的减排效应及其作用机制,并探究其异质性、动态效应和空间外溢效应,研究表明：①在长江经济带城市层面,知识产权制度建设显著抑制了工业污染排放,且减排效果不断增强,此结论在连续型双重差分、工具变量法等一系列稳健性检验下依然成立;②异质性分析表明,知识产权制度建设在长江上中下游城市、大中城市均表现出良好的减排绩效,且在长江上游城市、大城市的减排效果更佳,同时相比烟尘污染,其对水污染、气体污染的抑制作用更为明显;③空间效应分析表明,知识产权制度建设同时抑制了本市与经济相邻城市的工业污染,政策效果呈现出空间溢出性,且间接效应大于直接效应;④机制分析表明,知识产权制度建设借助技术创新引发城市产业升级与配置优化,间接抑制工业污染排放,也能够通过绿色创新直接促进工业污染治理。据此该研究提出,通过加大知识产权制度建设推进力度、探索实施差异化的知识产权治理政策、加强城市间知识产权工作交流合作,以创新驱动长江经济带高质量发展。     

东中西部区域农业差异及其特征分析

我国东中西部区域农业发展水平的差异较大，认识这种差异的特征对于制定区域农业协调发展的战略决策具有重要意义。本文选择有关区域经济、社会、资源与环境方面的17项指标，采用主成分分析方法，对我国区域农业发展差异的现状进行了分析。结果表明，目前，东中西部农业发展的整体差异仍然很大，主要表现为人均农业产值和人均乡镇企业产值差异较大。而且，从1980～1995年农民人均纯收入的吉尼系数一直呈现增大趋势，说明区域差异呈持续扩大的态势。到1998年人均农业产值的吉尼系数高达0．43，已经高于国际警戒水平。对近10年东中西部乡镇企业产值变化的分析说明，自从实施西部开发战略以来，东中西部乡镇企业产值的比值已经由16：5．6：1．0变为4．5：2．1：1．0。显然西部开发促进了西部农业经济的发展，缩小了区域农业发展水平的差异。     

CO2 dispersion around two PWR nuclear power plants in Brazil

Atmospheric air samples were taken within 3 km from power plants encompassing five different distances and wind directions. Samples were taken between 2002 and 2005 aiming to evaluate the environmental ¹⁴C enrichment due to the operation of Brazilian nuclear power plants. The sampling system consisted of a pump connected to a trapping column filled with a 3 M NaOH solution. The trapped CO₂ was analyzed for ¹⁴C by using a single stage accelerator mass spectrometry (SSAMS).     

Long-term investigation of anthropogenic and naturally occurring radionuclides at reference sites in western Sweden

In case of an accidental release of radioactive substances into the environment, it is important to quickly and reliably estimate the radiation dose received by people in the affected area, and to determine the extent of the contamination. Measurements of the extent of the release and the subsequent contamination can be facilitated if there are predetermined reference sampling sites with known background radiation and inventory of radionuclides. Since 1996, 34 reference sites for soil sampling, field gamma, and intensimeter measurements have been established in western Sweden. Time series data for dose rates and radioisotope inventory have been collected at these sites, allowing for the investigation of changes in these parameters over time. The mass activity densities for the uranium and thorium series elements varied approximately between 10 and 50 Bq/kg and between 10 and 40 Bq/kg, respectively. The mass activity density of ⁴⁰K was approximately in the range 300–800 Bq/kg. The radiation exposure due to ¹³⁷Cs was rather small in this area. The dose rates calculated from in situ measurement data showed that the contribution to the total dose rate was almost entirely due to naturally occurring radionuclides. The measured dose rate was about twice as high as the calculated rate, even after subtracting the contribution from cosmic radiation. This may be explained by the fact that intensimeters generally are calibrated to measure the quantity ambient dose equivalent, which should not underestimate the effective dose.     

西安地区夏季臭氧的模拟研究

本文利用WRF-CHEM模式对关中地区2015年7月25日至30日的一次O_3污染事件进行了数值模拟。通过与地面观测数据对比发现,WRF-CHEM模式基本上可以合理模拟西安和咸阳城市群O_3和NO_2的质量浓度的时空分布。敏感性试验表明,在臭氧生成的峰值期(12:00—18:00 LT),交通源是城市重要的O_3源,无论在高浓度臭氧条件下还是低浓度臭氧条件下,贡献量都高于15μg?m~(-3),平均贡献量均高于24μg?m~(-3);工业源仅在臭氧峰值生成时期贡献明显;生物源无论在高浓度还是低浓度臭氧的条件下,平均贡献都在16μg?m~(-3)以上;居民源的贡献基本低于10μg?m~(-3);能源生产源有降低O_3质量浓度的作用,但在臭氧生成的峰值时期,能源生产源可以增加O_3质量浓度。随着交通源排放量的增加,O_3的质量浓度逐渐增加,尤其在臭氧的峰值期。在臭氧生成峰值期,当氮氧化物(NOx)减少50%时,除城市中心臭氧浓度略增加,其他地区臭氧质量浓度均在下降;当挥发性有机物(VOCs)减少50%时,城市群内臭氧质量浓度都在下降;当NO_x和VOCs同时减少50%时,臭氧质量浓度都呈现下降趋势,减少量可达20μg?m~(-3)以上。在整个研究区域内,H_2O_2/HNO_3比值均在0.6以上,这表明西安和咸阳城市群属于NO_x控制区。     

基于犹豫直觉模糊集-TOPSIS的危险品多式联运风险评估

为了对危险品的多式联运系统风险进行评估,首先在"人、机、管、环"4M理论的基础上,将多式联运中"转运"这一特殊流程考虑进去,以"人、机、管、环、转运"这5个因素作为决策问题中的属性;其次,采用犹豫直觉模糊语言集为决策者的初始决策矩阵赋值,并利用均值-标准差的汉明距离来衡量两个犹豫直觉模糊语言数之间的距离;然后,以危险品多式联运系统中的风险为标准,采用基于犹豫直觉模糊语言集的TOPSIS方法进行不同方案的决策。最后,以磷酸在宜昌-衢州之间的运输为案例,对4种常用运输方案进行风险评估,以综合评价指数进行对比。结果表明,在先水路后铁路、先水路后公路、先公路后铁路、先铁路后公路4种方案中,从宜昌到衢州之间先公路后铁路的运输方式所得综合评价值最高,应选择方案3。     

Siting and Routing Assessment for Solid Waste Management Under Uncertainty Using the Grey Mini-Max Regret Criterion

Solid waste management (SWM) is at the forefront of environmental concerns in the Lower Rio Grande Valley (LRGV), South Texas. The complexity in SWM drives area decision makers to look for innovative and forward-looking solutions to address various waste management options. In decision analysis, it is not uncommon for decision makers to go by an option that may minimize the maximum regret when some determinant factors are vague, ambiguous, or unclear. This article presents an innovative optimization model using the grey mini-max regret (GMMR) integer programming algorithm to outline an optimal regional coordination of solid waste routing and possible landfill/incinerator construction under an uncertain environment. The LRGV is an ideal location to apply the GMMR model for SWM planning because of its constant urban expansion, dwindling landfill space, and insufficient data availability signifying the planning uncertainty combined with vagueness in decision-making. The results give local decision makers hedged sets of options that consider various forms of systematic and event-based uncertainty. By extending the dimension of decision-making, this may lead to identifying a variety of beneficial solutions with efficient waste routing and facility siting for the time frame of 2005 through 2010 in LRGV. The results show the ability of the GMMR model to open insightful scenario planning that can handle situational and data-driven uncertainty in a way that was previously unavailable. Research findings also indicate that the large capital investment of incineration facilities makes such an option less competitive among municipal options for landfills. It is evident that the investment from a municipal standpoint is out of the question, but possible public–private partnerships may alleviate this obstacle.