Review of submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) in coastal zones of the Southeast and Gulf Coast regions of the United States with management implications

Groundwater serves as the primary drinking water source for over half of the coastal populations of the Southeast and Gulf Coast regions, two of the fastest growing regions in the United States. Increased demand for this resource has exceeded sustainable yields in many areas and induced saltwater intrusion of coastal aquifers. A process associated with coastal groundwater, submarine groundwater discharge (SGD), has been documented as a source of subsurface fluids to coastal ocean environments throughout the Southeast and Gulf Coast regions and is potentially a significant contributor to nearshore water and geochemical budgets (i.e., nutrients, carbon, trace metals) in many coastal regions. The importance of groundwater as a drinking water source for coastal populations and the influences of submarine groundwater discharge to the coastal ocean warrant increased research and management of this resource. This paper highlights findings from recent SGD studies on three hydrogeologically different continental margins (Onslow Bay, NC, southern Florida, and the Louisiana margin), provides background on the common methods of assessing SGD, and suggests a regional management plan for coastal groundwater resources. Suggested strategies call for assessments of SGD in areas of potentially significant discharge, development of new monitoring networks, and the incorporation of a regional coastal groundwater resources council.     

环境空气背景值中PM2．5和PM10的相关性分析

四川省大气背景站颗粒物PM2．5和PM10实时监测结果表明,两个点位的PM2．5浓度占PM10浓度分别为80．15％、68．9％,两个点位的PM2．j浓度和PM10浓度均呈显著线性关系,点位1：y=0．8634x-0．2212,R^2=0．9823;点位2：y=0．7352x-0．2142,R^2=0．7767。     

An inventory of trace element inputs to agricultural soils in China

It is important to understand the status and extent of soil contamination with trace elements to make sustainable management strategies for agricultural soils. The inputs of trace elements to agricultural soils via atmospheric deposition, livestock manures, fertilizers and agrochemicals, sewage irrigation and sewage sludge in China were analyzed and an annual inventory of trace element inputs was developed. The results showed that atmospheric deposition was responsible for 43–85% of the total As, Cr, Hg, Ni and Pb inputs, while livestock manures accounted for approximately 55%, 69% and 51% of the total Cd, Cu and Zn inputs, respectively. Among the elements concerned, Cd was a top priority in agricultural soils in China, with an average input rate of 0.004 mg/kg/yr in the plough layer (0–20 cm). Due to the spatial and temporal heterogeneity of the sources, the inventory as well as the environmental risks of trace elements in soils varies on a regional scale. For example, sewage sludge and fertilizers (mainly organic and phosphate-based inorganic fertilizers) can also be the predominant sources of trace elements where these materials were excessively applied. This work provides baseline information to develop policies to control and reduce toxic element inputs to and accumulation in agricultural soils.     

水库淹没区耕地生态服务功能价值估算研究——以黄金坪水电站为例

以黄金坪水电站为例,采用碳税法、造林成本法以及工业氧价格替代法计算气体调节功能价值,并采用其它多种方法计算水土保持价值,以估算水库淹没区耕地生态服务功能价值。通过研究,使水库淹没区耕地总价值构成及量化趋于合理,为进一步完善淹没区耕地补偿构成和补偿标准提供参考。     

江苏省大气污染和酸雨的现状及预测

利用南京大学发展的区域酸沉降模式，模拟了1997年和2000年江苏省大气污染物浓度和酸沉降的空间分布，根据未来的能源规划，预测了江苏省2005年和2010年的大气环境发展状况。     

上海大气质量与材料腐蚀速度的相关关系

为了研究材料腐蚀速度与大气质量的相关关系，进行了材料暴露试验。结果表明：⑴碳钢、铜、铜合金和大理石等材料，其完全暴露的腐蚀速度约为遮蔽暴露腐蚀速度的1倍；⑵铜、铜合金的腐蚀速度与SO2浓度非常相关，与TSP浓度显著相关，碳钢的腐蚀速度与SO2和TSP浓度也有一定的相关性；⑶铜、铜合金的腐蚀速度与SO4^2-湿沉降强度明显相关，而与NO^-3湿沉降强度无明显相关；⑷碳钢的腐蚀速度约为青天铜的50倍，纯铜的15倍。     

大气PM2.5对巨噬细胞的毒性作用研究

以上海市工业区，交通区、郊区3个功能区的大气PM2.5粒子，对腹腔巨噬细胞进行染毒培养，台酚蓝染色测定细胞存活率，酵母菌吞噬实验测定其吞噬功能，流式细胞仪检测凋亡情况，结果显示，随大气PM2.5粒子浓度增加，巨噬细胞存活率和吞噬功能下降，巨噬细胞出现凋亡，其中交通区大气PM2.5染毒组的观察指标改变较明显，提示了大气PM2.5粒子对巨噬细胞具有细胞毒性，而交通区大气PM2.5粒子的毒性较大。     

着力构建大气污染防治新机制切实改善环境空气质量

2013年11月16日能源基金会(美国)主办的"重塑蓝天:空气质量管理国际研讨会"在北京召开。环境保护部污染防治司司长赵英民、能源基金会主席Eric Heitz、中国工程院院士、清华大学环境学院教授郝吉明、原环境保护部核安全总工程师杨朝飞等200多位业界领导、专家、学者和媒体人士参加会议。国内外专家针对中国面临的空气质量问题,从宏观战略、区域防治和行业政策等方面展开深入讨论,提出应对方案。会上环境保护部污染防治司赵英民司长代表中国环境保护部致辞,他回顾中国政府大气污染防治工作进展,指出下一步中国大气污染防治工作将积极贯彻国务院近期出台的《大气污染防治行动计划》,以保障人民群众身体健康为出发点,大力推进生态文明建设,着力构建大气污染防治的新机制,切实改善环境空气质量。本文根据赵司长致辞录音整理以飨读者。     

长江水质的区域差异与产业发展的关系

长江水质状况受到河流自然属性和流经区域产业特点的综合影响，区域差异十分明显；长江入江污水量的时空分布与沿江各省市产业发展水平及年际变化有密切关系；长江流域经济发展应与保护水质相协调，为控制污染，必须实施一整套相关对策。     

大气污染预报技术及有关防治对策的研究

依据历史监测数据,研究了大气污染预测预报的方法及污染防治对策。利用主分量分析、多元逐步回归、拟合与逼近等方法,进行了天气预报参数与主要污染物的关系研究,建立了大气污染预测预报模型,制定了大气污染警戒值及警戒措施。模型可做４８小时内大气污染预报及１０日内大气污染趋势分析。