Assessment of emissions data for the Toronto region using aircraft-based measurements and an air quality model

An aircraft-based measurement campaign was conducted during the summer of 1996 in the vicinity of Toronto, Canada. The objective of the campaign was to assess the errors in a particular emission inventory used by three-dimensional air quality models. Measurements of NO₂ and hydrocarbons were made both upwind and downwind of Toronto, on days with strong synoptic-scale flow from a west to northerly direction. The chemical composition of the background airmass on these days was typical of unpolluted continental air. Measurements have been compared with the output from an on-line air quality model (MC2-AQ) run at 5 km resolution and suggest that emissions of NO_x from Toronto are well described in the emission database, though evidence that NO_x emissions are underestimated for suburban regions surrounding Toronto was found. In general, no significant underestimation of hydrocarbon emissions was found, though emissions of the model propane species, which includes acetylene and benzene, was underestimated by at least a factor of two.     

Global-scale environmental transport of persistent organic pollutants

In order to realistically simulate both chemistry and transport of atmospheric organic pollutants, it is indispensable that the applied models explicitly include coupling between different components of the global environment such as atmosphere, hydrosphere, cryosphere and soil system. A model with such properties is presented.

The atmospheric part of the model is based on the equations in a general contravariant form which permits easy changes of the coordinate system by redefining the metric tensor of a specifically employed coordinate system. Considering a need to include explicitly the terrain effects, the terrain following spherical coordinate system is chosen from among many possible coordinate systems. This particular system is a combination of the Gal-Chen coordinates, commonly employed in mesoscale meteorological models, and the spherical coordinates, typical for global atmospheric models.

In addition to atmospheric transport, the model also simulates the exchange between air and different types of underlying surfaces such as water, soil, snow, and ice. This approach permits a realistic representation of absorption and delayed re-emission of pollutants from the surface to the atmosphere and, consequently, allows to capture hysteresis-like effects of the exchange between the atmosphere and the other components of the system. In this model, the most comprehensive numerical representation of the exchange is that for soil. In particular, the model includes a realistic soil module which simulates both diffusion and convection of a tracer driven by evaporation from the soil, precipitation, and gravity.

The model is applied to a long-term simulation of the transport of pesticides (hexachlorocyclohexanes in particular). Emission fluxes from the soil are rigorously computed on the basis of the realistic data of the agricultural application. All four modelled systems, i.e. atmosphere, soil, hydrosphere and cryosphere, are driven by objectively analysed meteorological data supplemented, when necessary, by climatological information. Therefore, the verification against the observed data is possible. The comparison of the model results and the observations taken at remote stations in the Arctic indicates that the presented global modelling system is able to capture both trends and short-term components in the observed time series of the concentrations, and therefore, provides a useful tool for the evaluation of the source–receptor relationships.     

潘口水电站移民安置区土地流转补偿标准研究

兴修大中型水利水电工程不可避免地要征收大量农田,造成大量移民非自愿性搬迁.我国实行开发性移民的方针,强调农村移民主要采取农业安置的策略.然而,移民的迁入势必会对安置区居民的土地权益带来负面的影响.因此,根据"卡尔多-希克斯"社会福利改进标准,要实现安置区土地向移民转移过程的社会福利改进,需要对利益受损的安置区集体和居民给予相应的补偿以弥补其福利损失.本文以湖北省竹山县潘口水电站为例,在对竹山县溢水镇、宝丰镇两个乡(镇)5个移民安置点的73户安置区居民进行问卷调查的基础上,运用条件价值法(CVM)对安置区土地流转的补偿标准进行了实证研究,研究结果表明:潘口水电站移民安置区土地流转补偿执行标准均未达到农地实际价值的一半,水田的补偿程度为49.54%.旱地的补偿程度为为44.54%,安置区集体和居民没有获得充分的补偿,因此,需要提高安置区土地流转补偿标准,使安置区居民也能和移民一样地分享到水利水电工程带来的增值收益.     

大气扰动下人－机系统建模与仿真

建立了人、机、大气环境扰动的动力学模型。形成一个便于仿真计算的人－机－环境系统模型，针对驾驶员完成俯仰跟踪任务，研究了大气扰动对驾驶员控制特性和人－机闭环特性的影响。     

SOIL ZINC CONTAMINATION FROM CORROSION OF GALVANIZED STRUCTURES

The present work relates to galvanized structures with several years of time life subjected to atmospheric corrosion, like galvanized high tension steel pylons. The mass and fate of zinc released is evaluated both via empirical and experimental procedures. The corrosion rate determination requested atmospheric condition characterization, especially for SO 2 concentration and experimental activities focused on soil sampling around pylons. The soil zinc content, total and exchangeable, is determinates by different analytical procedures. The zinc diffusion in environment and the zinc extension under the top soil is evaluated using 1-dimensional mathematical model for miscible species in porous soil.     

大气污染对女性成人肺通气功能影响的研究

对重庆市不同大气污染地区女性成人的肺爱气功能和生活环境因素的调查后性发现，大气污染区女性成人的ＦＶＣ、ＦＥＶ、及Ｖ７５、Ｖ５０等肺功能指标显著低于清洁区；运用逐步回归分析显示，ＳＯ２浓度、年龄、身高及被动吸烟与ＦＶＣ关系密切，典型相关分析提示，肺功能与生活环境因素的相关主要表现为ＦＶＣ、ＦＥＶ、及Ｖ２５与年龄、ＩＰ浓度和烧煤的相关。     

Urban development grant — an early assessment of regional implications

An examination of the Urban Development Grant during its first round of operation reveals that certain regions, particularly the West Midlands and London, are winning considerably more funding than others. A change in this trend is likely to require a reassessment, by the Government, of the targetting criteria presently used to direct the grant to areas of need.     

地震减灾体系中的区域联防问题

地震灾害是我国主要的自然灾害之一。现阶段,减轻地震灾害的主要途径是在努力提高地震监测预报水平的基础上,发挥政府、社会和地震科技队伍三方面的作用,坚持以预防为主,建立地震减灾工作体系,走综合减灾的道路。行使政府职能是地震减灾工作体系的中心环节,职能的行使以一级政府的行政管辖范围为“边界”。但我国大陆地区已发生的大震和当前的重点监视防御区多分布于二省、三省或更多省市交界地区。突破行政区划,在地震活动区、危险区周围协调地开展监测、预报、宣传、防御工作是当前进行防震减灾战略布局所必需。地震科学发展的“跨”行政区划和政府行政职能的严格区划性的尖锐矛盾,有必要提出地震减灾中的区域联防问题,本文是有关这个问题的分析与建议。     

深化车机联控保障行车安全

论述了铁路行车安全车机联控的认识、基本做法和明显效果，提出了深化车机联控的建议。     

Mapping sediment contamination and toxicity in Winter Quarters Bay,McMurdo Station,Antarctica

Winter Quarters Bay (WQB) is a small embayment located adjacent to McMurdo Station, the largest researchbase in Antarctica. The bay is approximately 250 m wide andlong, with a maximum depth of 33 m. Historically, trashfrom the McMurdo Station was piled on the steep shoreline ofWQB, doused with fuel and ignited. That practice hasceased, and the adjacent land area has been regraded tocover the residual waste. The bottom of WQB remainslittered with drums, equipment, tanks, tires, cables, andother objects, especially the southeastern side of the baywhere dumping took place. Sediments are contaminated withPCBs, metals, and hydrocarbon fuels. The objectives of this study were to map the distributionof organic contaminants in WQB, assess the toxicity of WQB sediments using a simple microbial test, anddetermine correlations between toxicity and contaminantlevels. The study suggests that adverse ecological effectshave occurred from one or more of the contaminants found inWQB but the source of the toxic impacts to bay sedimentsremains unknown. Whole sediment toxicity was onlycorrelated with oil-equivalent while solvent extracts ofsediments were correlated with PAHs and oil-equivalent. Theauthors recommend that an integrated research plan bedeveloped that focuses on determining what additionalinformation is needed to make informed decisions on possibleremediation of WQB.