Effect of water pH and total dissolved solids on the species diversity of pelagic zooplankton in lakes: A statistical analysis

Statistical analysis of the combined influence of lake surface area (S), water pH, and total dissolved solids (TDS) on the formation of zooplankton communities in lakes has been made on the basis of available data on the number of species (N _sp ) of pelagic zooplankton in 256 lakes of the temperate zone of Europe, Asia, and North America. Graphic analysis and analysis of variance have shown that extremely high or extremely low values of pH and TDS inhibit lake zooplankton. If the value of one of these factors is extremely high, any increase in the other factor is favorable for the inhibited zooplankton, and this second factor determines the value of N _sp .     

Protection of Mammal Diversity in Central America

Abstract:  Central America is exceptionally rich in biodiversity, but varies widely in the attention its countries devote to conservation. Protected areas, widely considered the cornerstone of conservation, were not always created with the intent of conserving that biodiversity. We assessed how well the protected-area system of Central America includes the region's mammal diversity. This first required a refinement of existing range maps to reduce their extensive errors of commission (i.e., predicted presences in places where species do not occur). For this refinement, we used the ecological limits of each species to identify and remove unsuitable areas from the range. We then compared these maps with the locations of protected areas to measure the habitat protected for each of the region's 250 endemic mammals. The species most vulnerable to extinction—those with small ranges—were largely outside protected areas. Nevertheless, the most strictly protected areas tended toward areas with many small-ranged species. To improve the protection coverage of mammal diversity in the region, we identified a set of priority sites that would best complement the existing protected areas. Protecting these new sites would require a relatively small increase in the total area protected, but could greatly enhance mammal conservation.     

长江安徽段及巢湖水患区防洪治水的环境地质问题

长江安徽江段及巢湖水患区环境地质问题突出 ,因洪涝诱发引起的地质灾害十分频繁 ,特别是在每年汛期持续的高水位影响下 ,形成堤基管涌、边岸崩塌、软土变形、散浸等 ,造成溃口成灾或渍水成涝 ,形成大面积的洪涝灾害。这一地区的水患问题的形成和发展受地质环境影响和控制。通过收集有关资料 ,对长江安徽江段及巢湖水患区环境地质特征及存在的主要问题进行了初步分析 ,提出水患区的形成主要受控于地质作用 ,泥沙淤积与地貌演化作用 ,人类活动及岸带变化和堤基变形作用。为有效地进行防洪治水规划 ,应开展与洪涝灾害发生与发展有关的环境地质调查研究 ,特别是对江湖关系、第四纪地质和新构造运动与洪涝灾害的关系需要进行重点调查研究 ,为防洪治水规划提供依据。     

洞庭湖区近50年土地利用/覆盖的变化研究

利用1978，1989，1998年的Landsat卫星遥感影像资料及20世纪50年代航测的地形图，研究了洞庭湖区近50年土地利用／覆盖及其景观结构的变化，土地利用／覆盖类型分为水体，湿地，农田，林地和建成区五类，各时期遥感影像的总体分类精度都在80％以上，运用ArcInfo和ArcView GIS软件，将不同时期的土地利用／覆盖格局在空间上清晰地显示出来，通过叠加4个不同时期的影像分类图，计算出各种土地利用／覆盖类型转变为其他土地利用／覆盖类型的比例，洞庭湖区50年来水体面积不断减少，减少量为1460km^2，其中1955年到1978年水面面积缩小了970。57km^2，分别为1978年到1989年和1989年到1998年缩小面积的2．23倍和1805倍，湿地面积逐渐增加，1998年湿地面积分别为1955，1978和1989年的1．46，1．41和1．09倍，农田的面积百分比从1955年的54．70％增加到1978年62．15％，又逐渐降低到1989年的51．88％和1998年的48．17％，林地的面积1978年比1955年减少了17％,，1989年比1978年增加了57％，1998年比1989年增加了11％，建成区的变化表明近50年来湖区城市化的进程，洞庭湖区土地利用／覆盖及其景观结构的变化是社会经济和自然因素综合作用的结果。     

平原地区洪灾风险评价的GIS方法研究 --以荆州6县市为例

平原地区因地势低平。水网发达而常遭到洪水的威胁。这种威胁既有来自过境洪水的洪灾．也有来自本地因暴雨引起的涝灾。如何考虑它们两者的相互影响以及洪水灾害的自然与社会经济属性，进行洪水风险评价是一个比较困难的问题。在地理信息系统软件ArcGIS8．1支持下，既考虑过境洪水与本地涝灾，也考虑承灾体的易损性(包括人口、交通线与经济)，还考虑抗灾能力，以GRID模块的地图代数作为运算手段，用AHP法确定因子的权重，建立了评估平原地区的洪灾风险的计算模型和评价方法，该模型运用于长江中游洪灾风险比较严重的地区——荆州地区的6县市．取得了比较好的效果。     

湖沼钉螺孳生环境分布的遥感调查研究

以试验区不同环境类型洲滩钉螺螺情与环境因子进行了调查分析，利用遥感图像编制地貌类型图，土壤类型图和土地利用类型图，在地理相关分析与主导因素分析基础上采取多图件逐步套合方法，以土地利用类型图为主，结合地面钉螺抽样调查和钉螺被动扩散等非遥感信息进行多信息复合，编制了试验区钉螺孳生环境分布图。     

苜蓿对土壤生态环境的影响

本文论述了黑龙港低平原缺水盐渍地区苜蓿对土壤结构、土壤水分、养分和盐分的影响。苜蓿对改善土壤生态环境,实现草地生态系统良性循环,起着重要作用。     

Air pollution and young children's inhalation exposure to organophosphorus pesticide in an agricultural community in Japan

Assessment of airborne organophosphorus pesticides in houses of young children (1-6 years old) and childcare facilities was conducted following pesticide applications in an agricultural community in Japan. Trichlorfon and fenitrothion, applied in two separate periods, were frequently detected from outdoor and indoor air. Dichlorvos, the primary degradation product of trichlorfon, was also detected after the application of trichlorfon. Both the outdoors and indoor concentration of applied pesticide were shown to increase with decreasing distance from the pesticide-applied farm. Indoor concentration of these pesticides significantly correlated with outdoor concentration (p=0.001 for trichlorfon and p=0.001 for fenitrothion), indicating infiltration of applied pesticide inside. Ratio of indoor to outdoor concentration (I/O ratio) of fenitrothion was higher for houses with windows open during the application than those with closed windows (median value: 0.74 vs. 0.16, p=0.003). However, a similar trend was not observed for trichlorfon as well as dichlorvos in the first period. Dichlorvos was found to have a higher I/O ratio than trichlorfon during the period, and clear correlation between indoor concentrations of dichlorvos and those of trichlorfon suggested increased decomposition of trichlorfon in the indoor environment. Daily inhalation exposure estimated by using the fixed measurement data and time-activity questionnaire ranged from 0 to 35 ng/kg/day for trichlorfon, from 0 to 26 ng/kg/day for dichlorvos, and from 0 to 44 ng/kg/day for fenitrothion. Median inhalation exposure from indoor air accounted for 74%, 86.3%, and 45% of the daily inhalation exposure, respectively. For kindergarteners or nursery school children, inhalation exposure at childcare facilities was comparable with or more than that at home, indicating that pollution level at childcare facilities had potential of high impact on children's exposure. Estimated daily inhalation exposures were inversely correlated to the proximity of their activity location to the pesticide-applied farm.     

耕地不同产量水平的面积与分布监测法

查清中低产田的面积、分布与开发条件是制定农业综台开发规划的重要依据。采用按公里网布设的农业资源动态监测系统,开展对耕地不同产量水平的面积与分布的动态监测,其方法具有准确、简便和实用的特点。     

1985-2005年中国城市水源地突发污染事件不完全统计分析

对1985-2005年中国城市水源地突发污染事件进行了统计分析,以从总体上揭示这些事件的发生规律及其对城市水源地和供水安全的危害.采用文献检索方法,通过对1985-2005年<中国环境报>、<人民日报>、新华网等报刊和网络的检索,从发生日期、地点、污染物种类、事件简况4个方面统计中国城市水源地突发污染事件,经整理和筛选后共列出102起.这些突发污染事件的分析结果表明:1)中国城市水源地突发污染事件总体上呈数量逐年增多,危害增大的趋势;2)化学品和污水是主要污染物;3)河道交通事故和工厂泄漏事故是主要风险源;4)突发污染事件一般都造成了比较严重的经济社会影响,但缺乏相应的应急管理机制和应急部门;5)3个典型突发污染事件造成重大经济社会损失并引发社会高度关注,凸现了构建中国城市水源地突发污染事件应急机制的重要性和迫切性.