DBP formation from degradation of DEET and ibuprofen by UV/chlorine process and subsequent post-chlorination

The formation of disinfection by-products(DBPs) from the degradation of N,N-diethyl-3-methyl benzoyl amide(DEET) and ibuprofen(IBP) by the ultraviolet irradiation(UV)/chlorine process and subsequent post-chlorination was investigated and compared with the UV/H_2O_2 process.The pseudo first-order rate constants of the degradation of DEET and IBP by the UV/chlorine process were 2 and 3.1 times higher than those by the UV/H_2O_2 process, respectively, under the tested conditions. This was due to the significant contributions of both reactive chlorine species U(RCS) and hydroxyl radicals(HO) in the UV/chlorine process. Trichloromethane, 1,1,1-trichloro-2-propanone and dichloroacetic acid were the major known DBPs formed after 90% of both DEET and IBP that were degraded by the UV/chlorine process. Their yields increased by over 50%after subsequent 1-day post-chlorination. The detected DBPs after the degradation of DEET and IBP comprised 13.5% and 19.8% of total organic chlorine(TOCl), respectively, and the proportions increased to 19.8% and 33.9% after subsequent chlorination, respectively. In comparison to the UV/H_2O_2 process accompanied with post-chlorination, the formation of DBPs and TOCl in the UV/chlorine process together with post-chlorination was 5%–63% higher,Ulikely due to the generation of more DBP precursors from the attack of RCS, in addition to HO.     

白腐真菌对活性艳红染料X-3B的脱色实验研究

探讨了白腐真菌对活性艳红染料X-3B废水的脱色效果。实验结果表明白腐真菌可以有效地对染料废水进行脱色。白腐真菌在空气曝气培养条件下,比在空气静置培养状态下具有更强的脱色降解能力;而且当在染料废水中加入一定量的碳源物质(葡萄糖)能提高白腐真菌脱色能力。最后,通过考察细胞外液对染料废水的脱色效果,表明白腐真菌对染料进行脱色的核心体系位于细胞体外。实验结果对白腐真菌在环境工程中的直接应用具有一定的价值。     

氯离子对过硫酸盐氧化苯胺的影响

在高级氧化工艺(AOPs)降解有机污染物过程中,卤代消毒副产物(DBPs)的形成已引起了广泛的关注。然而,氯离子(Cl⁻)在过硫酸盐(PS)降解污染物的过程中的作用机制仍存在争议。基于此,探究了在不同pH下Cl⁻对PS的作用机理,并对可能的反应途径进行了推断。结果表明：在酸性条件(pH=2.5)下,Cl⁻可以与PS反应生成HClO,从而可促进对苯胺(AN)的去除,但并不能对AN进行有效矿化,在PS溶液中加入10 mmol·L⁻¹的Cl⁻后,AN的去除率升高了47.82%,但TOC去除率仅提高了9.78%,且会生成2, 4, 6-三氯苯胺等有害的氯代副产物;相反,在中性(pH=7.5)或碱性条件(pH=11.5)下PS自身能够有效矿化AN,AN的去除率分别提高了57.90%和74.96%,此时TOC去除率分别升高了44.98%和67.15%,而Cl⁻的作用并不显著。通过加入不同淬灭剂对反应过程中的氧化物质进行了识别,发现PS在碱性条件下会生成羟基自由基(HO·)、硫酸根自由基(${\rm{SO}}_4^{ - \cdot}$)和超氧自由基(${\rm{O}}_2^{ - \cdot }$),且在反应过程中起主要作用的为HO·。在碱性条件下,当苯胺的去除率为74.96%时,HO·、${\rm{SO}}_4^{ - \cdot}$和${\rm{O}}_2^{ - \cdot }$对苯胺去除的贡献率分别为51.36%、11.25%和9.79%。对NaCl/PS体系中的产物进行鉴定,检测到7种中间产物,并在此基础上探讨了PS氧化降解AN的可能途径。以上研究结果有助于更好地理解和优化与PS相关的高级氧化技术在实际应用中的污染控制。     

中压紫外/氯水处理工艺过程中氯的分解规律

在中压紫外/氯高级氧化技术应用于去除水中微量污染物的过程中,氯的浓度会由于光解作用而降低,直接影响该技术的处理效率.为解决上述问题,通过测定不同中压紫外剂量下氯浓度的变化,研究了氯的分解规律,以及氯投加量、pH、温度、腐殖酸和常见阴离子等条件对氯分解速率的影响.结果表明,氯的分解遵循一级动力学,其分解速率常数kobs随...     

氯/溴稳定同位素分析技术及其在环境科学研究中的应用

稳定同位素分析被认为是环境污染物溯源和转化途径探究的有效工具.针对氯/溴稳定同位素研究已经开发了一些较为可靠的分析技术,被广泛应用于氯乙烯、氯苯、溴酚、多溴二苯醚和有机氯农药等有机污染物的研究.本文综述了近年来氯/溴同位素分析技术的最新进展,介绍了稳定同位素分析技术在含氯/溴有机污染物的溯源分析和降解途径识别等方面的应...     

氯化亚铁活化过一硫酸盐同步去除氮磷及磷的回收

采用氯化亚铁(FeCl₂)活化过一硫酸盐(PMS)产生硫酸根自由基(${{\rm{SO}}^{\cdot -}_4} $)和氯自由基(Cl·),实现了水中${{\rm{NH}}_4^ +} $、${{\rm{PO}}_4^{3 - }}$的同步无害化去除及磷的回收。研究了Fe²⁺/PMS/Cl⁻体系中的反应机制,考察了PMS浓度、Fe²⁺/Cl⁻、溶液pH、温度、溶液共存${\rm{CO}}_3^{2 - }$浓度及腐殖酸(HA)浓度等条件对反应体系的影响。结果表明：当溶液pH为4.0、PMS投加量为20 mmol·L⁻¹、Fe²⁺/Cl⁻摩尔分数为1/12时,反应30 min后,溶液中的${{\rm{NH}}_4^ +} $去除率高达100%且以氮气(N₂)形式实现${{\rm{NH}}_4^ +} $无害化去除;${{\rm{PO}}_4^{3 - }}$的去除率也高达100%且以磷酸铁(FePO₄)沉淀形式被回收;随着PMS浓度、Fe²⁺/Cl⁻以及温度的升高,Fe²⁺/PMS/Cl⁻体系中,${{\rm{NH}}_4^ +} $去除率逐渐增大,但对${{\rm{PO}}_4^{3 - }}$的回收无明显影响;溶液中${\rm{CO}}_3^{2 - }$和HA的存在对${{\rm{NH}}_4^ +} $去除有抑制作用。通过自由基淬灭实验和ESR分析证明,${{\rm{SO}}^{\cdot -}_4 }$和Cl·在Fe²⁺/PMS/Cl⁻体系中起主要作用。本研究结果可为氮磷废水的处理及磷回收提供参考。     

水中氯代有机化合物处理方法及研究进展

对氯代有机物的污染进行治理是水污染控制的重要课题。本文总结了可用于水中氯代有机物处理的一些方法的近期研究成果，同时也讨论了生物法、光催化氧化法和双金属还原法的各自特点及应用前景     

In situ measurement of isoprene in the marine air and surface seawater from the western North Pacific

Isoprene (2-methyl-1,3-butadiene) was measured on board of R/V Mirai for eight air samples and 14 seawater samples collected in the western North Pacific during ACE-Asia campaign (from 18 to 26 May 2001). The measurements were conducted in situ using a cryo-focus/gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Cryo/GC/MS). Concentrations of isoprene ranged from 7.2 to 110 parts-per-trillion (pptv) in the marine air, and ranged from below 12 to 94 pmol l⁻¹ in the seawater. Based on these results, sea-to-air fluxes of isoprene were calculated to be 184 and 300 nmol m⁻² day⁻¹ for two samples, and the upper limits of the fluxes were also calculated to be from 32 to 300 nmol m⁻² day⁻¹. Atmospheric isoprene concentrations cannot be explained only by the flux from the seawater. Thus, the concentrations of isoprene in the marine air in western North Pacific should be significantly affected by terrestrial vegetational emission and subsequent long-range atmospheric transport of isoprene.     

Effect of the ultraviolet/chlorine process on microbial community structure,typical pathogens,and antibiotic resistance genes in reclaimed water

• UV/chlorine can effectively remove VBNC pathogens, ARGs and MGEs in reclaimed water. • Microbial community was changed with reduced diversity during UV/chlorine process. • CRBs-carried MGEswere the predominant groups during UV/chlorine process. • No direct co-selection strategy was shared between UV/chlorine and resistome. Urban wastewater contains a wide range of pathogens and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), which are a serious concern if reusing treated wastewater. However, few studies have explored the microbial communities in reclaimed water using ultraviolet (UV)/chlorine treatment and assessed the changes of the resistome. This study investigated the occurrence of typical pathogens, ARGs, and bacterial communities in UV/chlorine-treated reclaimed water samples. The numbers of culturable and viable but non-culturable pathogens were effectively reduced to 0 CFU/mL within 1–10 and 10–30 min after UV/chlorine treatment, respectively. Meanwhile, the physicochemical indices of water quality were not affected. UV/chlorine treatment could significantly change the bacterial community structure of reclaimed water, showing a decrease in bacterial abundance and diversity. Chlorine-resistant Acinetobacter and Mycobacterium were the dominant bacterial genera (>50%) after UV/chlorine treatment. Moreover, the number of ARGs and mobile genetic elements (MGEs) decreased with an increase in UV/chlorine exposure. However, eight ARGs and three MGEs were consistently detected in more than three seasons, making these major concerns because of their potential role in the persistence and dissemination of antibiotic resistance. Overall, the results of this study suggest that UV/chlorine treatment can potentially improve the microbiological safety of reclaimed water. And more attention should be paid to the pathogens that are both chlorine-resistant and carry MGEs because of their potential for resistance transmission.