Interrelation of Cd‐lon concentrations and the growth and activities of microorganisms in two growth media†

Partitioning of native or anthropogenic heavy metals in solid and solution phases of soil is a result of network of several physico‐chemical reactions. The attainment of equilibrium between two phases is also regulated by biochemical processes. For practical purposes, the bioavailability of metal present in soil is predominantly regulated by the soil solution phase which is in dynamic equilibrium with the solid phase. The results of a model laboratory and greenhouse growth experiments have been used to investigate the effect of Cd‐ion concentrations (either in soil solution or in nutrient solution) on the growth and activities of microorganisms. The soil solution has been simulated by preparing a suspension of soil with 0.1 M NaNO₃ (1: 2.5) equilibrated for two hours. Important conclusions are as follows:

Increase in Cd‐ion concentration in soil solution or in nutrient solution induces corresponding adverse effect on the growth and activities of microorganisms. Thus, it seems that Cd‐ion concentration is a more sensitive indicator for assessing the effect of metal pollution upon the growth and activities of soil microorganisms in comparison to total Cd contents.

During active microbial growth phase, a large part of the organically bound Cd was released in the soil solution which is largely bioavailable. This process is termed as mobilisation. There was momentary increase of Cd‐ion concentration in soil solution which intoxicated the growing organisms. After this stage, the Cd ions from the solution phase were removed by the newly formed solid phase (nonviable biomass) and were transformed in non‐available form. This process is termed as immobilisation.

The consequences and importance of these results for practical agriculture and in deciding the limits or guidelines on the maximum tolerable metal load in soils are discussed.     

The Chemistry of Throughfall,Stemflow and Soil Water Beneath Oak Woodland and Moorland Vegetation in Upland Wales

The chemistry of bulk precipitation, throughfall, stemflow and soil waters beneath an oak wood (Quercus petraea) canopy and soil waters under moorland vegetation were measured at two sites on acid brown podzolic soils near Llyn Brianne in rural mid-Wales, UK. Between March 1986 and November 1988, precipitation was 4354 mm and annual interception losses from the oak canopy averaged 13% of incident precipitation. Throughfall and stemflow were more acid and concentrations of most solutes were increased 2- to 4-fold compared with bulk precipitation. Nitrate was the only solute retained within the tree canopy. Throughfall collected beneath patches of bracken on the forest floor was less acidic but contained substantially higher concentrations of major ions than bulk precipitation and oak throughfall. the moorland soil was more acidic, contained more exchangeable calcium but less exchangeable aluminium and potassium than the woodland soil. Soil waters beneath both vegetation types were acidic (mean pH range 4.5-4.9) and dominated by sodium and chloride. with the exception of calcium, soil water solute concentrations were greater beneath oak. These differences are ascribed to larger atmospheric inputs beneath the oak canopy compared with the shorter grasses, combined with the effect of differences in nutrient dynamics and water fluxes. Variations in soil water aluminium chemistry are explained in terms of ion exchange and podzolisa-tion processes. the water quality implications of increased upland afforestation of moorland by broadleaved trees are discussed.     

Analytical studies on the pollution of argeş river

Using two analytical techniques (ICP‐AES and ASV) the heavy metal pollution of Arge? River was studied. These techniques are characterized by similar analytical performances.

The samples were collected from 13 sites starting from Capra Lake (altitude 2241 m) and finishing at Oltenita city (altitude 10 m).

Arge? River is the fifth longest river in Romania after Siret, Mure?, Olt and Some?, its length is 340 km and the river flows through four cities, Curtea de Arge?, Pite?ti, Gae?ti and Oltenita.

The results of the determinations of Cu, Cd, Zn and Pb, indicate that the Arge? River shows relatively low pollution.     

Metal inclusion in expanded clays

The possibility to include in expanded clay little amounts of metallic ions present in waste material, without significant influence on the environment, was investigated. In this article, known quantities of cadmium(II), lead(II), chromium(III), and chromium(VI) were added to a mixture of raw pit clay, adding a small amount of mineral oil. The resultant paste was heated at 1200°C, in conditions to provide the commercial product with the best characteristics of lightness. The obtained pellets were analyzed in two ways. A sample of expanded clay was crushed, added to with KNaCO₃ and melted. The melted mass, after cooling, was dissolved in HCl or in water and analyzed. The composition of the raw pit clay was analyzed as a blank. In parallel, pellets were subjected to a leaching process and the eluate was analyzed for the added cations. The concentration of the metal ions in the leached water is negligible compared with that generally admitted in drinking water.     

卤素阴离子对镉离子电化学检测的影响

以玻碳电极为工作电极、pH 6.0的磷酸缓冲溶液为底液,研究了卤素离子氯离子、溴离子和碘离子对镉离子在此条件下电化学测定的影响.结果表明,3种卤素离子均能有效提高镉离子的响应电流.此外,当多种卤素离子同时存在时,镉离子的响应电流相对于单一卤素离子能进一步提高.进一步研究表明,卤素离子能吸附于电极表面,通过提高镉在电极表面电化学反应速度以及表面吸附量来提高镉离子的响应电流.     

金属离子及盐度对硝基苯厌氧生物降解过程的影响

以硝基苯废水处理反应器内的污泥为菌源,采用间歇反应的方法分别考察Fe3+,Ni2+,Zn2+,Al3+,Cr(Ⅵ)和Cu2+ 6种金属离子及盐度对硝基苯厌氧生物降解过程的影响.结果表明,适宜质量浓度的Fe3+,Ni2+,Zn2+,Al3+和Cr(Ⅵ)可促进硝基苯的降解. 当ρ(Fe3+)为5 mg/L,ρ(Ni2+),ρ(Zn2+)和ρ(Al3+)为1.0 mg/L及ρ〔Cr(Ⅵ)〕为0.50 mg/L时,硝基苯的降解速率提高5%～23%. 当ρ(Fe3+),ρ(Ni2+),ρ(Zn2+),ρ(Al3+),ρ〔Cr(Ⅵ)〕和ρ(Cu2+)分别大于50,10.0,5.0,5.0,5.0和0.25 mg/L时,金属离子开始对硝基苯降解菌产生抑制作用,毒性顺序为Cu2+>Cr(Ⅵ)>Al3+>Zn2+>Ni2+>Fe3+. 硝基苯降解菌生长的最佳盐度为0.25%～1.00%.      

酸性条件下可变电荷土壤表面Pb~(2+)-H~+反应动力学特征

研究了酸性条件下Pb在可变电荷土壤表面的反应动力学.结果表明,在酸性条件下,从一级动力学方程拟合的参数可知,三种土壤的最大吸附量依次为砖红壤>赤红壤>红壤,Pb最大吸附量随酸度的增加显著下降.红壤、赤红壤和砖红壤在pH 5.5处理的半反应时间(t1/2)分别为231 min,266 min和182min;pH 3.3处理的t1/2分别为43 min,26 min和32 min.用Elovrich方程和抛物线扩散方程常数(b)解释离子的表观扩散速率,三种土壤的b值依次为砖红壤>赤红壤>红壤,且随酸度的增大而降低.在Pb的吸附过程中,pH值为5.5和4.3时,红壤和赤红壤流出液中有质子释放;当原液pH值为3.3和3.8时,都存在质子的消耗.三种土壤H+的消耗过程有较大的区别,砖红壤快速消耗的H+量远远大于红壤和赤红壤.反应初期,H+的消耗是快速反应,主要包括土壤交换阳离子的缓冲作用、土壤表面的质子化及硫酸根专性吸附释放的羟基中和H+;而后反应中H+对矿物的溶解是一个缓慢过程.     

四种重金属离子对河川沙塘鳢早期发育的毒性影响

以早期发育阶段河川沙塘鳢(包括胚胎和初孵仔鱼)为研究材料,研究Hg2+、Cr6+、Zn2+和Cu2+4种重金属离子对其的毒性影响.结果表明,4种重金属离子对河川沙塘鳢早期发育死亡率和孵化率影响大小依次为Hg2+ ＞Cu2+＞Zn2+ ＞Cr6+,沙塘鳢在神经胚期和出膜仔鱼期的死亡率较高,且在重金属离子处理初期,大多数低...     

HHMHC对Cu2+、Ni2+的萃取性能

以对羟基苯甲酸为原料,通过化学修饰合成得到上沿羧基化的杯[6]芳烃羟肟衍生物,即5,11,17,23,29,35-六羧基-37,38,39,40,41,42-六羟肟酸甲氧基杯[6]芳烃(HHMHC),采用IR对其结构性能进行表征,并探讨了溶液初始pH值、初始重金属离子(Cu2+、Ni2+)浓度、萃取时间、温度等因素对HHMHC萃取重金属离子的影响.结果表明,在温度为30℃时HHMHC萃取Ni2+和Cu2+的最佳pH值分别为5.0、6.0,萃取平衡时间均为30min.用准二级动力学模型(R2>0.99)和Freundlich等温模型(R2>0.999)均可较好的拟合其萃取过程,通过计算萃取过程的热力学参数,得到Gibbs自由能(ΔG0)和焓变(ΔH0)均小于0,表明萃取反应是一个自发的放热反应.通过红外光谱图分析和考察溶液pH值对萃取分配比的影响,探讨HHMHC萃取Cu2+、Ni2+的机理,结果表明此萃取过程除了存在阳离子交换机理外,还存在与冠醚萃取相同的离子配位萃取,参与配位作用的主要是羟肟基团(–CONHOH).     

甘肃省森林区空气负离子分布特征研究

选择了甘肃省7个代表性林区,利用ITC-201A型智能便携式空气负离子测定仪对14种林分类型的空气负离子浓度进行了为期2年的测定与研究。结果显示：①森林空气负离子浓度针叶树种均值为578cm-3,阔叶树种均值为471cm-3;针叶混交林为722cm-3,针阔混交林为661cm-3,阔叶混交林为492cm-3;不同植被类型均值表现为：针叶混交林〉针阔混交林〉针叶树种〉阔叶混交林〉阔叶树种;②各森林区空气负离子浓度铁杉为最大（877cm-3）,冷杉为最小（372cm-3）,14种林分类型表现为：铁杉（Tsuga chinensis（Franch.）Pritz）〉针叶混交林（coniferous mixed forest）〉云杉（Picea crassifolia Kom.）〉针阔混交林（Mixed needle）〉华山松（Pinus armandii Franch.）〉落叶松（Larix gmelinii（Ruprecht）Kuzeneva）〉桦木（Betulasp.）〉杨树（Populussp.）〉油松（Pinus tabulaeformis Carr.）〉阔叶混交林（broadleaf mixed forest）〉栎类（Quercus）〉柏木（Cupressus fune-bris Endl.）〉椴树（Tilia tuan Szyszyl.）〉冷杉（Abies fabri（Mast.）Craib）;③空气负离子浓度与温度成负相关,相关性方程为y=-57.457x＋1486.2（R2=0.9105）,与空气相对湿度成正相关,相关性方程为y=9.3485x-103.57（R2=0.6801）。