辽宁典型城市道路扬尘PM2.5中水溶性无机离子组分特征及来源解析

为了解辽宁省典型城市道路扬尘PM_(2.5)中水溶性无机离子组分特征及其来源,分别于2014年和2016年采集了鞍山市和盘锦市道路扬尘样品,利用再悬浮采样器将其悬浮到滤膜上,用离子色谱仪分析了其中的水溶性无机离子组分,分别用相关分析法和比值法分析了其污染特征,用主成分法初步解析了其主要污染源.结果表明,盘锦市和鞍山市8种水溶性无机离子分别占道路扬尘PM_(2.5)的5.83%±3.34%和5.84%±1.15%.盘锦市NH_4~+与SO_4~(2-)和NO_3~-的结合方式主要为(NH_4)2SO_4和NH_4NO_3,鞍山市NH_4~+与SO_4~(2-)和NO_3~-的主要结合方式为NH_4HSO_4和NH_4NO_3.盘锦市和鞍山市道路扬尘PM_(2.5)中NO_3~-/SO_4~(2-)的均值分别为0.52±0.55和0.46±0.13,表明固定源(燃煤)对其道路扬尘PM_(2.5)的影响较显著.盘锦市道路扬尘PM_(2.5)主要来源于生物质燃烧源、海盐粒子、建筑水泥尘和机动车尾气;鞍山市道路扬尘PM_(2.5)主要来源于燃煤源、生物质燃烧源、海盐粒子和钢铁冶炼尘.     

泉州市大气PM2.5中水溶性离子季节变化特征及来源解析

为掌握泉州市大气PM_(2.5)中无机水溶性离子的季节变化特征,于2014年3月~2015年1月同步采集了泉州市5个采样点共116个PM_(2.5)样品.用离子色谱法分析了PM_(2.5)中Na~+、NH_4~+、K~+、Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)、F~-、Cl~-、NO_3~-和SO_4~(2-)等9种水溶性无机离子.观测期间,总水溶性离子浓度季节变化特征为春季(14.24±6.43)μg·m~(-3)冬季(8.54±7.61)μg·m~(-3)夏季(4.10±2.67)μg·m~(-3)秋季(3.91±2.58)μg·m~(-3);SO_4~(2-)、NO_3~-和NH_4~+(SNA)是PM_(2.5)中主要的3种离子,占水溶性离子总质量浓度比例分别为春季(90.3±3.3)%、夏季(68.8±11.7)%、秋季(78.9±7.1)%和冬季(74.0±18.4)%,说明春季二次污染较为严重;PM_(2.5)中阴、阳离子电荷平衡分析显示,阴离子相对亏损,大气细颗粒物组分呈弱碱性;春、冬季NH_4~+主要以(NH_4)_2SO_4、NH_4HSO_4和NH_4NO_3等形式存在,而夏、秋季则主要以NH_4HSO_4和NH_4NO_3形式存在;PMF源解析结果表明,泉州市大气PM_(2.5)中水溶性离子主要来自海盐、二次源、建筑扬尘、垃圾焚烧源和生物质燃烧源.     

Removal of ammonium ion from water by Na-rich birnessite: Performance and mechanisms

Na-rich birnessite (NRB) was synthesized by a simple synthesis method and used as a high-efficiency adsorbent for the removal of ammonium ion (NH₄⁺) from aqueous solution. In order to demonstrate the adsorption performance of the synthesized material, the effects of contact time, pH, initial ammonium ion concentration, and temperature were investigated. Adsorption kinetics showed that the adsorption behavior followed the pseudo second-order kinetic model. The equilibrium adsorption data were fitted to Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption models and the model parameters were evaluated. The monolayer adsorption capacity of the adsorbent, as obtained from the Langmuir isotherm, was 22.61 mg NH₄⁺-N/g at 283 K. Thermodynamic analyses showed that the adsorption was spontaneous and that it was also a physisorption process. Our data revealed that the higher NH₄⁺ adsorption capacity could be primarily attributed to the water absorption process and electrostatic interaction. Particularly, the high surface hydroxyl-content of NRB enables strong interactions with ammonium ion. The results obtained in this study illustrate that the NRB is expected to be an effective and economically viable adsorbent for ammonium ion removal from aqueous system.     

溶液特性及共存物对纳滤膜去除水中全氟辛酸的影响

利用聚酰胺复合纳滤(NF)膜去除水中的持久性有机污染物—全氟辛酸(PFOA),分别研究了PFOA浓度、溶液离子强度、pH值、典型大分子有机物—牛血清蛋白(BSA)以及BSA与Na+共存对PFOA截留率的影响.结果表明,在0.8MPa下过滤24h,随着PFOA浓度增大,PFOA截留率提高;溶液离子强度、pH值越高,PFO...     

超低排放改造后燃煤电厂细颗粒物排放特征

超低排放改造后,燃煤电厂细颗粒物排放特征发生了变化,为定量评估颗粒物中各组分的排放特征及环保设备对细颗粒物的影响选取了3台超低排放机组为研究对象利用DGI分级撞击采样器对湿法烟气脱硫装置(WFGD)、湿式静电除尘器(WESP)进、出口颗粒物取样并用多种指标分析研究.结果表明,3台机组出口处排放的PM₁、PM_2.5和PM₁₀质量浓度范围分别为0.25～0.38、0.31～0.42和0.42～0.57 mg·m^-3两种改造工艺下排放的PM₁₀质量浓度相当,但是颗粒物粒径分布和成分组成存在差异相比FP1和FP2机组,FP3机组PM_2.5/PM₁₀比值最高,可能原因是FP3机组安装了WESP,对粒径2.5μm以上的颗粒有更好地脱除效果.FP2和FP3机组排放的PM_2.5中水溶性离子总浓度分别为0.20 mg·m^-3和0.06 mg·m^-3,FP2机组排放水溶性离子以Ca     

铁和铝离子对土壤水溶性氟化物检测的干扰研究

通过离子选择电极法测定Fe3+和Al3+不同含量的土壤样品中水溶性氟化物试验,研究Fe3+和Al3+对测定的干扰与消除方法,证实了在总离子强度调节缓冲溶液共存下,Fe3+和Al3+对土壤提取液中水溶性氟化物检测结果存在不同程度的负干扰。选择6种代表性土壤样品,在水溶性氟化物提取液中加入20 mg/L的Al3+和100 mg/L的Fe3+做干扰试验,比较了分取不同体积土壤提取液对氟化物检测结果的影响,结果表明,对水溶性ρ(Fe3+)和ρ(Al3+)高的土壤样品,可选择减少提取液取样体积来消除干扰。选取的5种标准样品测试结果与标准值相符,干扰消除方法具有良好的适用性。     

单柱离子色谱法同时测定地面水中阴离子

单柱离子色谱法同时测定地面水中Ｆ－、Ｃｌ－、ＮＯ－２－Ｎ、ＮＯ－３－Ｎ、ＳＯ２－４阴离子。以２．５ｍＭ苯二甲酸、２．４ｍＭ三羟甲胺缓冲液为淋洗液,在ｐＨ＝４．０,流速为１．５ｍｌ／ｍｉｎ的条件下,测得各阴离子检出限、线性回归方程及相关系数、方法的精密度和准确度。     

太原市大气颗粒物粒径和水溶性离子分布特征

在太原市于2014年7月至2015年4月利用TE-235分级采样器采集PM_(10)分级颗粒物样品,通过离子色谱分析其中9种无机水溶性离子,报道了大气颗粒物(PM_(10))及其水溶性无机离子水平,探讨了其粒径分布、季节变化特征和来源.结果表明,采样期间太原市PM_(10)日平均浓度水平为173.7μg·m~(-3),超过了国家环境空气二级日标准限值(150μg·m~(-3),GB3095-2012);冬季PM_(10)浓度(199.1μg·m~(-3))和春季(194.2μg·m~(-3))较接近,远高于夏季水平(127.7μg·m~(-3)).PM_(10)在0.95μm和3.0~7.2μm粒径段处呈双峰分布.PM_(10)中总离子浓度季节变化为冬季夏季春季,其中SO~(2-)_4、NO~-_3和NH~+_4是主要离子,占总离子的质量分数为66%~80%.分级离子中,SO~(2-)_4、K~+、NH~+_4、Cl~-以及冬、春季的NO~-_3在0.95μm段呈单峰分布;Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)和夏季NO~-_3均在0.95μm和3.0~7.2μm段呈双峰分布.相关性分析显示,风速增大对冬夏季的颗粒物及其水溶性离子有稀释作用,但春季沙尘天气则会导致其升高.通过NO~-_3/SO~(2-)_4和Mg~(2+)/Ca~(2+)比值发现,太原市颗粒物中NO~-_3和SO~(2-)_4主要来自于燃煤排放,Mg~(2+)和Ca~(2+)来源为扬尘和煤燃烧排放.     

Chemical compositions of PM2.5 aerosol during haze periods in the mountainous city of Yong'an, China

Haze phenomena were found to have an increasing tendency in recent years in Yong'an, a mountainous industrial city located in the center part of Fujian Province, China. Atmospheric fine particles (PM_2.5) in the urban area during haze periods in three seasons (spring, autumn and winter) from 2007 to 2008 were collected, and the mass concentrations and chemical compositions (seventeen elements, water soluble inorganic ions (WSIIs) and carbonaceous species) of PM_2.5 were determined. PM_2.5 mass concentrations did not show a distinct difference among the three seasons. The carbonaceous species organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC) constituted up to 19.2%-30.4% of the PM_2.5 mass during sampling periods, while WSIIs made up 25.3%-52.5% of the PM_2.5 mass. The major ions in PM_2.5 were SO₄^2-, NO₃^- and NH₄⁺, while the major elements were Si, K, Pb, Zn, Ca and Al. The experimental results (from data based on three haze periods with a 10-day sampling length for each period) showed that the crustal element species was the most abundant component of PM_2.5 in spring, and the secondary ions species (SO₄^2-, NO₃^-, NH₄⁺, etc.) was the most abundant component in PM_2.5 in autumn and winter. This indicated that dust was the primary pollution source for PM_2.5 in spring and combustion and traffic emissions could be the main pollution sources for PM_2.5 in autumn and winter. Generally, coal combustion and traffic emissions were considered to be the most prominent pollution sources for this city on haze days.     

春节烟花爆竹燃放期间苏州市区PM2.5中水溶性离子特征分析

使用在线离子色谱分析了苏州市区春节期间PM2.5中水溶性离子.结果表明：春节期间存在2个空气污染高峰时段（初一和初五）,其中初一凌晨PM2.5达到最高峰,小时质量浓度为571μg/m3;烟花爆竹集中燃放时段,PM2.5中K＋、Cl-、Mg2＋质量浓度明显上升,初-凌晨与腊月三十凌晨相比,K＋、Cl-、Mg2＋质量浓度分别增加了117倍、80.7倍、18.0倍;相关性分析表明,PM2.5中K＋、Mg2＋、Na＋、Ca2＋在烟花爆竹燃放时段可能具有相同的来源.