Gas–liquid chromatography for fenvalerate residue analysis: alterations in the ionic concentration and associated adinosine triphosphatases in fish,Cirrhinus mrigala (hamilton)

In the present study, an attempt has been made to quantify the fenvalerate accumulated in different tissues (gill, muscle and liver) and observe changes involved in the levels of sodium, potassium and calcium ions and Na⁺–K⁺, Mg²⁺ and Ca²⁺ adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) activities in the freshwater fish, Cirrhinus mrigala on short-term and long-term exposure to the median lethal and sublethal concentration of fenvalerate. Residue analysis using gas–liquid chromatography (GLC) technique revealed that fenvalerate accumulated in highest quantity in gill followed by liver and muscle under median lethal concentration (6?µg?L^?1). Whereas in sublethal concentration (0.6?µg?L^?1), muscle accumulated highest quantity followed by gill and liver, which might be due to the fact that fenvalerate is highly lyphophilic. The ion concentration and ATPase activity were found effected in fish exposed to lethal and sublethal concentrations of fenvalerate. Concentration of Na⁺, K⁺ and Ca²⁺ ions decreased in gill, muscle and liver on being exposed to median lethal concentration to a significant level. Whereas the changes were not highly pronounced at sub lethal level indicating low concentration of fenvalerate and its non-toxic effect at chronic exposure. Na⁺–K⁺, Mg²⁺ and Ca²⁺ ATPases activity were also found decreased in correspondence to the ionic change under median lethal and sub lethal concentrations in target tissues. This might have lead to behavioural changes and create wide-spread disturbance in the normal physiology, ultimately causing the death of the fish. The results suggest that in biomonitoring programmes, ions and associated ATPases can be a good diagnostic tool for fenvalerate toxicity.     

Environmental and technological studies on the interaction of wool with some metal ions

The technical feasibility of using a suitable sorbent for the removal of some heavy metal ions from their aqueous solutions was investigated. The scope of the work covers the use of low-class native wool or wool wastes from industrial processes or from recycled woolen textiles for the removal of copper, nickel, cobalt, chromium, and zinc ions from their effluents. The sorption efficiency of the aforementioned metals by wool is in the following order: copper?>?cobalt?=?nickel?>?zinc?>?chromium.

The effect of time of sorption, temperature of the effluent, and concentration of metal ions on the rate of sorption was examined. The effect of oxidation or reduction of wool on its sorption power of copper ions is studied. The reduced wool was found to be better than native or oxidised wool in the sorption of copper metal from its effluents. The reuse of wool as metal sorber after elution of the metal, using hydrochloric acid, was also studied. It was found that wool can be reused for sorption after elution of copper up to 25 times of elution; a very limited amount of permanently fixed copper was observed. The use of sufficient woolen layers displays the best way of obtaining an effluent of zero copper content.     

Synthesis and characterization of an ion exchanger based on tamarind kernel powder and its application for removal of some metal ions from industrial effluents

A resin synthesized from tamarind kernel powder possesses high selectivity for metal ions. Distribution coefficients for some metal ions has been determined by the batch method. The influence of pH on ion exchange capacity and K _d value of metal ions were studied. The resin has been characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, chemical composition and ion exchange capacity (IEC). The selectivity order is Pb²⁺?>?Cu²⁺?>?Fe²⁺?>?Zn²⁺?>?Ni²⁺. Removal of metal ions from the aqueous solution and from effluents of a steel mill has been studied.     

南京城区与郊区秋季大气PM_(10)中水溶性离子的特征研究

对南京市城区与郊区秋季PM10中水溶性离子的浓度水平,变化规律及其相关性进行分析。结果表明:水溶性离子是南京市PM10的重要组成部分,占PM10总量的26.8%～49.5%;NO3-、SO24-为南京PM10中离子的主要成分同时SO24-与PM10的相关性高,在郊区与城区相关系数分别为0.97与0.98;土壤源对Mg2+的贡献多于海洋气溶胶。郊区与城区非海盐Mg2+和Ca2+的比值分别为0.0308～0.0557与0.0314～0.0558,与中国北方沙漠地区相异,说明观测期间南京大气PM10主要受局地源影响;南京城、郊NO3-/SO24-均值分别为0.74和0.80,说明南京市城郊PM10中NO3-与SO24-更多地来自于机动车尾气排放。     

西安冬、夏季PM2.5中水溶性无机离子的变化特征

为探讨西安市冬、夏季水溶性无机离子的季节和空间变化特征,2010年1月和7月分别在西安城区4个站点及上风区高陵(GL)和下风区黑河(HH)连续采集2周的PM2.5样品,使用离子色谱仪分析样品中水溶性无机离子成分.结果表明,PM2.5质量浓度冬季明显高于夏季,空间变化表现为:城区站点浓度均值(172.6μg.m-3)>上风区点GL(98.9μg.m-3)>下风区点HH(81.0μg.m-3).水溶性无机离子浓度总和占PM2.5质量浓度的41.8%,其中SO24-、NO3-和NH4+是水溶性离子的主要成分,分别占总离子质量浓度的35.1%、22.6%和12.2%.Na+、Ca2+和Mg2+在冬、夏季浓度相差不大,而SO24-、NO3-、NH4+以及K+、Cl-等均明显表现为冬季浓度高于夏季.SO24-、NO3-和NH4+在冬、夏季空间变化均表现为城区站点>GL>HH,这3种离子夏季在大气中的主要存在方式为NH4HSO4和NH4NO3,而冬季主要以(NH4)2SO4、NH4NO3和NH4Cl形式存在.NO3-/SO24-的比值为0.64,表明西安市固定源仍是主要污染贡献源,但是移动源所占比例较之前研究有所上升,应采取一定措施控制机动车数量并加强排放监控.     

多种盐分离子作用下苋菜对重金属的吸收累积特征

模拟不同淋洗脱盐阶段滩涂土壤孔隙水中盐分和重金属含量,通过苋菜水培试验,研究多种盐分离子（SO42-、Cl-、NO3-、CO32-、Na＋、Ca2＋、K＋和Mg2＋等）的共同作用下,苋菜对Zn、Cu、Ni、Cr、Pb和Cd 6种重金属的吸收、累积和转运的变化。结果表明,与对照相比,在不同盐分离子浓度影响下,苋菜茎叶中Cd的累积增幅为69.2%～146.2%,而茎叶中其他重金属的含量无显著变化,苋菜根系中Cd、Pb、Cr、Ni和Cu含量的最大增幅分别为187.8%、197.7%、305.7%、228.1%和58.2%,但根系中Zn含量未受到显著影响。在相对较高的盐分离子浓度（〉1 312.4 mg.L-1）范围内,不同盐分离子浓度处理间苋菜茎叶和根系中6种重金属含量差异均不显著。盐分处理显著降低了苋菜对Pb、Cr、Ni和Cu的转移系数,但未显著影响苋菜对Cd和Zn的转移系数。     

高分散氮化碳溶胶在重金属离子吸附去除中的应用

吸附材料在水中的分散性对于增加其与吸附质间相互作用,实现污染物的高效去除尤为重要.本文基于分子形态易于调控的石墨相氮化碳二维材料,通过简单的化学处理方法制备成高度分散于水中的溶胶吸附剂（M-C₃N₄-sol、U-C₃N₄-sol）,通过透射电镜（TEM）、X射线衍射（XRD）、傅里叶变换红外光谱（FTIR）、X射线光电子能谱仪（XPS）、Zeta电位仪（Zeta Potential Analyzer）、比表面积及孔径分布仪（BET）等对其形貌、组成、结构进行了表征.结果表明,氮化碳溶胶呈现纳米级纤维状结构,在水中有着极佳的分散性.相较于原始氮化碳（g-C₃N₄）,溶胶吸附剂对多种重金属离子的吸附去除能力得到大幅度提升,尤其是对Pb²⁺具有较高的吸附选择性.在298 K时,对Pb²⁺的吸附在1 min内即可达到平衡,快速吸附过程符合准二级动力学模型和Freundlich等温模型.吸附机理的研究表明,M-C₃N₄-sol对Pb²⁺的吸附是在静电引力、离子交换、氨基的表面络合和阳离子-π键的协同作用下完成的.吸附金属离子后,M-C₃N₄-sol发生脱稳形成易于实现固液分离的沉淀产物,对其进行稀硝酸脱附再生,吸附容量没有明显降低,表明其良好的循环使用性能.     

山地型城市冬季大气重污染过程特征及成因分析

以阳泉市2018年12月26日~2019年1月20日发生的典型大气重污染过程为例,研究了山地型城市冬季大气重污染过程特征及成因.结果表明,重污染发生时段首要污染物为PM_2.5,水溶性离子和碳质组分是PM_2.5主要组分,其中二次离子SO₄^2-、NO₃^-和NH₄⁺是主要水溶性离子成分（共占离子组分的87.7%）,二次有机碳（SOC）是碳质组分的主要成分（71.6%）.二次离子在重污染发生时的浓度较发生前增加5.3倍,是导致PM_2.5快速增长的重要组分.气象条件分析显示,PM_2.5及其主要组分皆与相对湿度呈显著正相关关系而与风速呈显著负相关,随相对湿度增加以及平均风速降低,污染程度逐渐加重.山地型城市相对湿度较高、温度变化幅度大等气象特征使二次污染物的生成加快,是导致PM_2.5污染程度快速加重的主要原因.另外,山地型城市相对封闭的地形导致的平均风速降低使得大气污染物扩散条件相对较差是污染物累积的原因之一.PMF模型解析结果为：二次源（46.0%）对PM_2.5贡献显著,其次为燃煤源（32.6%）、机动车源（19.8%）和扬尘源（1.6%）.因此,山地型城市更应该重视对二次组分,特别是二次离子形成的前体物的管控.     

DOM对沉积物悬浮颗粒吸附铜的促进作用及机制

沉积物悬浮颗粒对重金属吸附是重金属在湖泊中迁移的关键环节,受到多种环境条件的影响.为了探究溶解性有机质（dissolved organic matter,DOM）对沉积物悬浮颗粒吸附Cu （Ⅱ）的影响及作用机制,通过室内模拟沉积物悬浮液进行Cu （Ⅱ）吸附试验.结果表明,两种DOM （富里酸和沉积物DOM）不同程度地促进了Cu （Ⅱ）在悬浮颗粒上的吸附;吸附48 h后,吸附百分比从71.51%分别提高到了75.31%和85.69%.扫描电子显微镜-能谱结果显示,在DOM的影响下,Cu （Ⅱ）被吸附后存在于沉积物颗粒内部.紫外-可见光谱技术分析结果表明,在吸附反应过程中,Cu （Ⅱ）与DOM存在先络合后解离的过程.荧光激发发射矩阵结合平行因子分析、同步荧光光谱结合二维相关分析的结果表明,类蛋白组分能够促进Cu （Ⅱ）在沉积物悬浮颗粒上的吸附,其中类酪氨酸组分在促进Cu （Ⅱ）被沉积物颗粒吸附沉淀过程中优先发挥作用,而类腐殖酸组分几乎没有促进吸附作用.完善了湖泊重金属迁移的相关理论,为沉积物重金属污染防治提供了一定的依据.     

济南春季大气PM2.5水溶性组分的半连续在线观测

利用大气细颗粒物(PM2.5)水溶性组分在线分析系统连续监测了2008年3~4月济南市PM2.5水溶性组分的浓度变化,并结合气溶胶部分前体物SO2、NO2、O3等的浓度数据和部分气象资料对监测数据进行了分析.结果表明,SO42-、NO3-和NH4+是PM2.5中水溶性离子的主要成分,分别占总水溶性组分的61.1%、13.4%和16.7%,且PM2.5中总水溶性组分的浓度,特别是SO42-的浓度,明显高于国内其他城市.温度、太阳辐射强度、混合层高度和风速等气象因素对总水溶性离子的浓度变化有重要影响.SO42-浓度白天明显高于夜间,而NO3-和NH4+的浓度昼夜变化幅度较小.SO42-和NO3-主要由SO2和NO2转化而来.后推气流轨迹分析表明,来自东北绕行西南方向和东北方向的混合气团结合济南的特殊地形及局地排放的污染物会加重济南春季PM2.5的污染.