1960—2019年秦岭气候带界限的变化研究

受全球变化的影响,温度带边界在空间上的变化呈现出向高纬度方向显著移动的趋势,其中亚热带区空间分布对全球变暖的响应较为敏感,对其边界空间变化特征的研究对于认识全球变化对自然景观的潜在影响具有重要科学意义。基于秦岭及其周边74个气象站点1960—2019年日均气温数据,选取保证率80%的日均温≥10 ℃持续日220天等值线和1月0 ℃等温线为北亚热带北界指标,探讨了近60年气候变暖背景下秦岭气候带界限的变化趋势。研究表明：（1）1960—2019年秦岭日均温≥10 ℃持续日呈显著上升趋势,其变化率为3.268 d/10 a;秦岭1月平均气温呈弱显著上升趋势,其变化率为0.179 ℃/10 a。（2）60年来秦岭北亚热带北界发生了明显的抬升,平均抬升高度约为228.89 m;从经度上看,中段106°~111°E范围内北亚热带北界的变化最为强烈,60年来上升高度达308.81 m,明显高于东西北三段（东段上升165.69 m,西段上升243.33 m,北段上升267.01 m）。（3）60年来秦岭北亚热带过渡带出现了明显的攀升,且向北移动;秦岭以北“跨越式”地出现北亚热带气候格局。气温突变后,秦岭北亚热带过渡带形成从秦岭南坡延伸到秦岭东部,并向北推进向西进入关中平原的格局,秦岭南坡作为北亚热带和暖温带的分界作用有所减弱。随着气候的变暖,秦岭北亚热带过渡带可能部分或整体转变为北亚热带,北亚热带将从秦岭南坡到秦岭北坡呈连续带状分布,北亚热带北界可能会跨越秦岭山脉。     

秦巴山区生态系统服务与居民福祉耦合关系的时空变化

保护生态系统、提高居民福祉是实现联合国2030可持续发展目标的核心内容。在分析秦巴山区生态系统服务与居民福祉时空演化特征的基础上,采用弹性系数揭示了二者的时空耦合关系。研究发现：（1）1990—2018年秦巴山区水源涵养总量、土壤保持总量均呈波动下降趋势,碳储量总量则呈缓慢增长趋势,且各生态系统服务呈不同的空间分异特征。（2）1990—2018年居民福祉呈上升趋势,增幅高达220%,并呈“南高北低”的分布格局。（3）县域尺度上,三种生态系统服务与居民福祉明显不协调发展。其中,水源涵养、固碳服务与居民福祉的耦合关系均以“福祉增—服务减”为主,占比分别为88.75%、62.5%;而土壤保持服务与居民福祉的耦合关系则以“双增”为主,占比为57.5%。此外,各项生态系统服务与居民福祉反向变化区多分布于汉江河谷盆地和秦岭山脉中段。研究结果可为促进贫困山区生态系统服务与居民福祉协调发展提供决策依据。     

“Single-minded,compelling, and unique”: Visual Communications,Landscape, and the Calculated Aesthetic of Place Branding

Place branding strategies play a significant role in the professional composition of landscape imagery, including the depiction of “natural” landscapes. In this paper, Brand Blue Mountains, a brand currently implemented in the Blue Mountains region (Australia), is discursively analyzed. The brand sets out an all-encompassing “Vision” defining the identity, values and personality of the World Heritage listed Blue Mountains landscape, summarized in the tagline Elevate Your Senses. This “vision” is visually translated into a strictly coordinated and copyrighted suite of logos, graphic design, color, fonts and various photographic styles. Analysis reveals that the degree of control that place brand strategists seek to exert over the visual expression of landscape identity is significant. A highly selective narrative of positive nature-based sensory experience is constructed through the holistic application of contemporary visual media. The brands' communications strategy naturalizes and reinforces a particular market-friendly version of place. The framework that brands set for the representation of landscapes overall amounts to an exercise in calculated aesthetics, whereby the form and content of landscape images of various kinds is measured to achieve the greatest market differentiation and impact which technologies allow. The result of this calculated aesthetic system, with its taglines, saturated color, careful composition and magazine-format brevity, is a reduction in the complexity of landscape representations and a perpetuation of nature stereotypes.     

东祁连山土地利用方式对土壤持水能力和渗透性的影响

为了解祁连山东段天祝高寒地区不同土地利用方式对土壤持水能力和渗透性的影响,研究选取天然草地、退耕自然恢复地、燕麦地和多年生草地4种土地利用方式,研究了不同土地利用方式对土壤持水能力和渗透性的影响。结果表明,不同土地利用方式对土壤持水能力和渗透性影响显著。土壤容重大小依次为退耕自然恢复地(1.104 g/cm³)>多年生草地(1.061 g/cm³)>燕麦地(1.011 g/cm³)>天然草地(0.781 g/cm³);总孔隙度为天然草地(68.196%)>燕麦地(60.606%)>多年生草地(58.93%)>退耕自然恢复地(57.5%);土壤最大持水量和土壤稳渗速率天然草地最大(681.966 t/hm²和3.02 mm/min),退耕自然恢复地最小(575.005 t/hm²和1.004 mm/min)。从土壤持水性能和入渗性能来看,4种土地利用方式中天然草地最好,退耕自然恢复地最差,燕麦地和多年生草地土壤持水能力和渗透性能优于退耕自然恢复地。     

Photolytic degradation of methyl-parathion and fenitrothion in ice and water: Implications for cold environments

Here we investigate the photodegradation of structurally similar organophosphorus pesticides; methyl-parathion and fenitrothion in water (20 °C) and ice (−15 °C) under environmentally-relevant conditions with the aim of comparing these laboratory findings to limited field observations. Both compounds were found to be photolyzed more efficiently in ice than in aqueous solutions, with quantum yields of degradation being higher in ice than in water (fenitrothion > methyl-parathion). This rather surprising observation was attributed to the concentration effect caused by freezing the aqueous solutions. The major phototransformation products included the corresponding oxons (methyl-paraoxon and fenitroxon) and the nitrophenols (3-methyl-nitrophenol and nitrophenol) in both irradiated water and ice samples. The presence of oxons in ice following irradiation, demonstrates an additional formation mechanism of these toxicologically relevant compounds in cold environments, although further photodegradation of oxons in ice indicates that photochemistry of OPs might be an environmentally important sink in cold environments.     

Inbreeding and Loss of Genetic Variation in a Reintroduced Population of Mauritius Kestrel

Abstract:  Many populations have recovered from severe bottlenecks either naturally or through intensive conservation management. In the past, however, few conservation programs have monitored the genetic health of recovering populations. We conducted a conservation genetic assessment of a small, reintroduced population of Mauritius Kestrel ( Falco punctatus ) to determine whether genetic deterioration has occurred since its reintroduction. We used pedigree analysis that partially accounted for individuals of unknown origin to document that (1) inbreeding occurred frequently (2.6% increase per generation; N _eI= 18.9), (2) 25% of breeding pairs were composed of either closely or moderately related individuals, (3) genetic diversity has been lost from the population (1.6% loss per generation; N _eV= 32.1) less rapidly than the corresponding increase in inbreeding, and (4) ignoring the contribution of unknown individuals to a pedigree will bias the metrics derived from that pedigree, ultimately obscuring the prevailing genetic dynamics. The rates of inbreeding and loss of genetic variation in the subpopulation of Mauritius Kestrel we examined were extreme and among the highest yet documented in a wild vertebrate population. Thus, genetic deterioration may affect this population's long-term viability. Remedial conservation strategies are needed to reduce the impact of inbreeding and loss of genetic variation in this species. We suggest that schemes to monitor genetic variation after reintroduction should be an integral component of endangered species recovery programs.     

祁连山北麓生态移民的生计风险与应对策略选择——以武威市为例

生计风险作为移民社会整合的标尺,已成为研究生态移民生计及可持续发展的重要视角。以祁连山北麓的武威市为例,利用Binary Logistic模型分析了移民生计风险对其应对策略的影响机制,以期为制定有效的生计风险防范体系提供科学支撑。结果表明：（1）武威市生态移民的生计类型以非农户为主,纯农户比例不足10%,生计多样化指数仅为1.74且存在显著的区域差异。（2）67.44%的移民面临着多重风险,以经济风险为主,生活开支大、新分棚圈耕地质量差、返贫是主要的风险要素。（3）应对策略主要为向亲朋借钱、银行贷款、外出打工和减少开支,后顾生计则多选择扩大养殖、长期打工和维持现状,不同县区移民的策略选择略有不同。（4）政策、福利和经济风险会显著影响移民对“向银行贷款”“减少开支”及“外出打工”等应对策略的选择,而后顾生计的选择更多受制于生计资本储量,而政策及经济风险的影响较低。移民户的类型对策略选择影响显著,非农型兼业户更倾向于选择“向银行贷款”和“扩大养殖”。     

秦岭油松林不同坡位土壤CO2、CH4、N2O通量研究

在秦岭南坡火地塘林区天然次生油松林内选取上、中、下3个坡位,采用静态箱-气相色谱法对土壤CO_2、CH_4、N_2O通量进行了1年的监测.结果表明,坡位间土壤质地和水分的差别是引起不同坡位CO_2与N_2O通量差异的主要原因:下坡位土质为壤土,水分适宜,CO_2平均排放量为(156.49±9.72)mg·m~(-2)·h~(-1),CH_4平均吸收量为(77.43±14.27)μg·m~(-2)·h~(-1),都处于3个坡位间最高水平;中坡位土质为粉砂壤土,土壤粒径小,透气性差,CO_2排放量和CH_4吸收量均为3个坡位间的最小值,N_2O平均排放量为(9.57±0.66)μg·m~(-2)·h~(-1),为3个坡位间的最高值,且显著高于上坡位土壤N_2O通量(p0.01);上坡位土质为砂壤土,土壤孔隙度大且地表植被少,N_2O平均排放量为(5.59±0.74)μg·m~(-2)·h~(-1),为3个坡位间的最小值.总体来说,油松林土壤是CO_2、N_2O的排放源,是CH_4的吸收汇.3个坡位CO_2年通量具有明显的季节规律,表现为倒"S"形变化,且与土壤温度显著正相关(p0.01).受冻融循环的影响,N_2O主要在非生长季大量排放;生长季末期,受降雨事件影响,油松林中坡位出现N_2O吸收峰值.生长季上、下坡位CH_4吸收峰值的出现同样伴随着降雨事件的发生,非生长季,中坡位因土壤水分过高而出现短暂的CH_4排放现象.不同坡位土壤温室气体的全球增温潜势(Global Warming Potential,GWP)从大到小依次是上坡位、下坡位和中坡位.     

基于MODIS的内蒙古气溶胶时空分布特征分析

通过对2002—2018年采用融合算法反演的MODIS气溶胶光学厚度(AOD)数据进行分析,研究了内蒙古气溶胶的时空分布特征.结果表明,内蒙古AOD值在东北部地区最高,其次为工业发达的中西部地区,最低值出现在大兴安岭及其山脉上空.全年AOD峰值出现在4月和6月,4月峰值主要受沙尘影响,6月峰值受季节雨带位移带来的湿度变化影响.中部气溶胶成分以沙尘气溶胶为主,而中西部和东北部气溶胶成分中存在大量人为源气溶胶.风场和相对湿度场与AOD值的年代际变化有关.     

AN ELEVATIONAL CONTROL OF PEAK SNOWPACK VARIABILITY1

ABSTRACT: The records of the seasonal peaks in snow accumulation on 24 snow courses show that the relative variability (measured by the coefficient of variation) is inversely related to elevation in the San Juan Mountains, southwestern Colorado. Analysis on an annual basis shows that this is due to a tendency for the peak snowpack at high elevations to be closer to the long-term mean while that at low levels is further from the normal. This is true in both above-normal and below-normal accumulation seasons. Extrapolation of 20 annual elevation-accumulation trends suggests that mean accumulation is reached at 4107 ± 186 m elevation. This is approximately the height of the topographic harrier of the San Juan Mountains suggesting that the pattern of variability is a partial function of an atmospheric-topographic interaction.