Stifled stakeholders and subdued participation: interpreting local responses toward Shimentai Nature Reserve in South China

In recent decades, protected-area management in many developing countries has been molded to win the support and participation of local people. Increasingly, research initiatives are undertaken to enhance understanding of the perceptions and attitudes of rural stakeholders. The effectiveness of the expanding protected-area system in China is critically constrained by similar considerations of community mentality. This paper provides an empirical assessment of local responses towards conservation efforts based on a case study of the recently established Shimentai Nature Reserve (SNR) situated in Yingde, Guangdong Province, China. Questionnaire surveys, face-to-face interviews, and group discussions were employed to gauge local residents' knowledge, perceptions, and expectations towards the SNR. The study covered seven villages situated in and around the reserve, grouped into far-zone (floodplain) and near-zone (upland) categories, accommodating Hakka (Han) and minority Yao peoples. Many respondents had inadequate knowledge, understanding, and perceptions of the reserve. Although most respondents welcomed the expected park-related dividends, the most affected near-zone villagers anticipated losses due to restriction on traditional resource-extraction activities in the forest. The local expectations were influenced by place of residence, emigration of rural young, and household affluence. The lack of local participation in management and inadequate dissemination of information posed obstacles to effective conservation. The high expectation of accruing benefits from development projects, including tourism, might be misplaced and might not be realized. The present honeymoon period of positive attitudes could end soon if the hopes remain unfulfilled for too long. The need to win sustained local support and provide alternative means of livelihood is emphasized.     

中国传统的天人关系理论与可持续发展的伦理学基础

本文认为,中国古代的天人关系论能够为可持续发展提供一种必要的伦理学基础,并在中国传统哲学“天人合一”观念的基础上提出了自然的价值、人在世界中的地位、人对自然的权利和义务的理论观点,这对可持续发展的伦理建设具有重大的理论和实践意义。     

若尔盖高原可持续发展制约因素浅析

若尔盖谪原包括四川省境内黄河流域区的全部范围，与相邻的甘肃省玛曲沼泽湿地共同成为黄河重要水源涵养地。本文从自然、经济、社会及政策等方面，对若尔盖高原可持续发展的制约因素加以分析，并提出了一些对策和建议。     

In search of greener towns

Around 1970 a quiet revolution occurred in several European countries involving the use of naturalistic design approaches and ecological principles in the design and management of urban green spaces. The objective was to bring the qualities of nature into peoples’ daily lives and provide a richer external living environment. Parallel programmes of community participation and environmental education were involved. Successful projects in Holland, Sweden and Britain are described. These indicate that despoiled urban and urban‐fringe land can be quickly and economically transformed into green environments which are attractive for living and commercial investment. A reorganisation of Local Authority landscape resources is recommended.     

生态单元制图在国外自然保护和城乡规划中的发展与应用

生态单元制图作为景观生态学研究方法之一,能够提供研究区域内基础详细的、保护或规划定向的、便于使用的生物学和生态学信息,该方法已经成为一些国家自然保护和城乡规划工作的基本工具。论文首先简明介绍了生态单元的定义和功能以及制图的两种主要方法。着重探讨了生态单元制图在国外30多年不同阶段的发展历程,并分析了生态单元制图在自然保护和城乡规划中应用的3个方面:物种和生境保护、土地利用规划和管理以及不同尺度景观规划和管理。另外,论文还对生态单元制图中存在的问题和不足以及深入研究的思路进行探讨。目前生态单元制图研究中存在的问题主要集中在生态单元调查的主观性、制图比例尺和G IS技术等方面。最后分析了生态单元制图在我国的研究现状以及生态单元制图在我国自然保护和城乡规划中应用的前景。     

补贴政策对自然保护区资源保护的作用和局限——以洪湖自然保护区的拆网政策为例

以洪湖湿地自然保护区的拆网政策为例,通过渔民的围网博弈过程,分析补贴在自然保护区自然资源管理过程中的作用。结果显示,由于自然保护区自然资源的公共物品特点,导致自然保护区陷入公地悲剧陷阱。一次性补贴在激励渔民放弃过度围网行为方面起到了重要的作用。但是就长期而言,由于自然保护区的公共物品特征仍然存在,渔民在生产决策过程中仍然有"搭便车"的可能,单纯采用补贴政策不仅不能起到有效的作用,反而会导致过度利用自然资源的行为更多地发生。从博弈分析来看,要完全避免自然保护区的公地悲剧,应当以补贴为基础,结合政府的严格管理,进行其他制度创新,以实现保护的长效激励机制。     

对云南省省级自然保护区建设与管理的几点思考

在对云南省部分省级自然保护区现状进行调查评估的基础上,分析了省级自然保护区自身建设和管理中存在的问题和发展矛盾,进而对保护区的有效管理、生物多样性保护和资源的可持续利用提出了建议。     

论自然保护区的生态旅游开发

文章认为自然保护区具有典型多样的自然生态系统,适合于开展生态旅游活动.自然保护区实行封闭管理,将保护区的保护与当地社会发展相隔离的做法无法实现真正的保护,生态旅游的开展对自然保护区的保护工作具有积极意义.为了实现自然保护区生态旅游的积极作用,文章提出了确定开发等级、生态规划、容量限制、功能分区、突出保护主题及公平发展等开发原则.     

浅谈可持续发展的生态伦理观念

建立一种新的道德观念—可持续发展的生态伦理观念,以强化人类自我约束,合理协调人与自然的关系,最终实现可持续发展。     

苏州园林水体生态化治理之路探讨

水是苏州园林的重要组成要素,随着城市的迅猛发展,园林水脉割断、水生生态系统不完善,水体自净能力降低,苏州园林的水环境状况受到很大影响。通过对苏州园林传统水环境保护手法的梳理,提出通过改造河池护坡,修复水生生态系统等师法自然的方法,开发纳米气泡法、生态基法等生态新技术,以及加强园林水循环,重塑优美的园林水景观。