Sensitivity of Systematic Reserve Selection to Decisions about Scale, Biological Data, and Targets: Case Study from Southern British Columbia

Abstract:  The identification of conservation areas based on systematic reserve-selection algorithms requires decisions related to both spatial and ecological scale. These decisions may affect the distribution and number of sites considered priorities for conservation within a region. We explored the sensitivity of systematic reserve selection by altering values of three essential variables. We used a 1:20,000–scale terrestrial ecosystem map and habitat suitability data for 29 threatened vertebrate species in the Okanagan region of British Columbia, Canada. To these data we applied a reserve-selection algorithm to select conservation sites while altering selection unit size and shape, features of biodiversity (i.e., vertebrate species), and area conservation targets for each biodiversity feature. The spatial similarity, or percentage overlap, of selected sets of conservation sites identified (1) with different selection units was ≤40%, (2) with different biodiversity features was 59%, and (3) with different conservation targets was ≥94%. Because any selected set of sites is only one of many possible sets, we also compared the conservation value (irreplaceability) of all sites in the region for each variation of the data. The correlations of irreplaceability were weak for different selection units (0.23 ≤ r ≤ 0.67), strong for different biodiversity features ( r = 0.84), and mixed for different conservation targets ( r = 0.16; 0.16; 1.00). Because of the low congruence of selected sites and weak correlations of irreplaceability for different selection units, recommendations from studies that have been applied at only one spatial scale must be considered cautiously.     

Creating a Science of Nature Reserve Design: Perspectives from History

The science of nature reserve design has benefited from crossover between ecology and operations research since the 1980s. Applications of ecological theory had generated debate about reserve design in the 1970s and 1980s, when problems of reserve design were reformulated to draw on the methods of operations research and decision science. Advances in simulation modeling, especially models of forest growth, provided new tools for understanding ecological dynamics. A synthesis of these approaches provides ways to advance the science and facilitate its application to practical problems.     

建立和完善人的职业安全“行为模式”

思维、反应、行动,是构成职业安全“行为模式”的基本环节。这些环节运转正常,职业活动就能满足职业安全的需要。为了提高操作者的安全防护能力,有必要分析职业安全“行为模式”的基本特征和要点,认为:1.应努力造就人的“双重性”思维模式,即“识别的双确认,判断的双侧面,应变的双保险”,从根本上控制人为失误。2.完善人的反应模式—一念三思,一变三联,一动三看(即“三·三守则”),保证操作者反射行为的正确导向。3.练就一套稳固、熟练的应变动作系列,防止操作者在职业活动过程中操作变型,机能失调。     

珍稀濒危植物评价分级专家系统研究

开列珍稀濒危植物的清单并划分其保护序列，是生物多样性保护的一项最基本的工作。本文通过对珍稀濒危植物评价分级指标的研究，以评价指标体系为基础，并引入专家系统方法，建立了珍稀濒危植物评价分级专家系统。该系统模拟人类专家的思维过程，将有助于把珍稀濒危植物优先保护级别的划分，由定性划分提高到定量定性相结合的水平。     

世界保护区研究的新进展

20世纪 80年代以来 ,国家公园和自然保护区的思想和实践进入一个新的发展时期。本文从保护区文化价值观、经费、居民、科学基础和规划 5个方面分析当今世界保护区研究的新进展 ,指出维护和保持生态系统完整性是自然生态系统类保护区建设和研究的新方向     

Incorporation of Recreational Fishing Effort into Design of Marine Protected Areas

Abstract:  Theoretical models of marine protected areas (MPAs) that explore benefits to fisheries or biodiversity conservation often assume a dynamic pool of fishing effort. For instance, effort is homogenously distributed over areas from which subsets of reserves are chosen. I tested this and other model assumptions with a case study of the multiple-use Jervis Bay Marine Park. Prior to zoning of the park I conducted 166 surveys of the park's recreational fisheries, plotting the location of 16,009 anglers. I converted these plots into diagrams of fishing effort and analyzed correlates between fishing and habitat and the effect of two reserve designs—the draft and final zoning plans of the park—on the 15 fisheries observed. Fisheries were strongly correlated with particular habitats and had negatively skewed and often bimodal spatial distribution. The second mode of intensely fished habitat could be 6 SD greater than the fishery's mean allocation of effort by area. In the draft-zoning plan, sanctuary zone (no-take) area and potential subduction of fishing effort were similar. In the final plan, which was altered in response to public comment, the area of sanctuary zone increased, and the impact on fishing effort decreased. In only one case was a fishery's most intensely targeted location closed to fishing. Because of the discriminating manner with which fishers target habitats, if simple percentage targets are used for planning, sanctuary location can be adjusted to avoid existing fishing effort. According to modeled outcomes, the implication of this may be diminished reserve effectiveness. To address this, reserve area should be implicitly linked to subducted fishing effort when promoting or modeling MPAs.     

中国西部自然保护区与周边社区协调发展的研究

在分析了目前中国西部自然保护区建设和管理的质量问题基础上 ,认为推行社区参与保护区共管是提高保护区管护质量的首选途径 ,并系统阐明社区参与组成共管体系的原则和技术路线以及一些模式化成果。最后 ,指出在实施社区参与共管过程中存在的 3个问题。     

鹞落坪自然保护区非使用价值的评估

选择鹞落坪自然保护区所在省份安徽省及其相邻省份江苏省,采用支付意愿法进行了支付意愿的问卷调查,对该保护区的非使用价值作定量评估。评估结果表明,鹞落坪自然保护区的非使用价值为198039.4万元·a-1,其中存在价值为106941.3万元·a-1,遗产价值为59411.8万元·a-1,选择价值为31686.3万元·a-1;江苏省和安徽省样本的平均支付意愿值(WTP)分别为42.0和14 4元·a-1;社会经济各因素与样本的支付意愿率及WTP之间的相关性在不同地区调查的结果有较大差异;对评估结果的敏感性分析显示,本次调查存在年龄和收入敏感性,存在教育程度不敏感性。     

自然保护区管理有效性评价指标分析

根据154个国家级自然保护区的问卷调查结果,运用主成分分析法对26项管理评价指标进行分析,确定了影响保护区管理有效性的6个主要指标类体系。其结果表明:对管理有效性产生较大影响的主成分包括:物资保障、监控管理、经济开发收益、管理权归属、行政执法和交流合作。6个主成分对于管理有效性的贡献率比较分散,累计贡献率为68.671%;其中物资保障主成分贡献率最大,达26.011%。