诱导结晶工艺中诱晶载体的选择与改性

以含铜废水为处理对象,重点考察了诱晶载体的表面性质及表面负荷对诱导结晶过程的影响。结果表明,在工艺启动初期,白云石以及碱式碳酸铜为诱晶载体时,铜的去除率在90%以上,石英砂对铜的去除率较低,但石英砂经表面改性后对铜的去除效率亦可达90%以上。在运行稳定后,几类诱导载体对铜的去除率皆能稳定在95%,说明诱晶载体的表面性质对诱导结晶工艺的影响主要在于反应启动初期,选择与目标结晶产物结构、成分相同或相似的诱晶载体有利于诱导结晶过程的进行。此外,研究结果还表明,诱晶载体表面负荷对结晶过程影响较大,诱导结晶除铜工艺中载体表面负荷不宜高于0.054 g Cu/(m2.d)。     

森林自然保护区保护效果评价方法:挑战与进展

建立自然保护区是保护生物多样性的最有效的保护措施之一,但如何评估自然保护区保护效果一直是自然保护研究的难点。本文针对热带森林自然保护区保护效果评价方法进行综述,分析热带森林自然保护区保护效果评价面临的挑战:空间不可比、时间不可比;明确了热带森林自然保护区保护效果评价可比性建立的基本模式:确定森林退化指标,选择协变量,平衡协变量,选择对比方式,判断并去除空间溢出的影响范围;回顾了自然保护区保护效果评估常用统计方法:回归评估法和匹配评估法。为了加强热带森林自然保护区保护效果评估,在今后评估方法选择过程中建议:强化时空对比;强化多学科交叉方法的应用;强调多维度评估指标的选择和应用。     

Exploring potential socio-ecological impacts of changes to the Loliondo Gamed Controlled Area,Northern Tanzania: the case of the pastoral village Ololosokwan

Recent plans to alter the Loliondo Game Controlled Area (GCA), a nature conservation area located in Northern Tanzania, would result in substantial reduction of rangelands in the region. We quantify the current and hypothetical levels of the aboveground Human Appropriation of Net Primary Production (aHANPP) in one of the affected villages, and estimate the maximum exploitability rate of rangelands by livestock in the region. We find that the current aHANPP of the village amounts to 34–38% of the potential productivity, which could increase to 59–67% due to the altered GCA. On rangelands, livestock-induced aHANPP would increase from the current level of 30–34% to 54–61%, which is far above a maximum exploitability rate of 40–41%. Our results reveal that the intended changes to the Loliondo GCA will severely affect the current livelihood strategy of the Maasai, which is based on pastoralism.     

Linnaeus’ study of Swedish swidden cultivation: Pioneering ethnographic work on the ‘economy of nature’

Carl Linnaeus’ work on the ‘economy of nature’ was a major early development in what became the modern field of ecology. This analysis suggests that a key subject of this work that has been ignored or misunderstood for 250 years is the rural livelihoods, especially swidden (or slash-and-burn) agriculture, which Linnaeus studied during his expeditions through rural Sweden. Rereading his reports in the light of modern work on swiddens, political ecology, and the history of science affords a new appreciation of Linnaeus’ insights into traditional systems of resource exploitation. The logic of nutrient cycling in swidden agriculture and its utilization of natural dynamics to serve human ends exemplify the principles of the ‘economy of nature’, and gave Linnaeus a philosophical basis for understanding and defending this system of agriculture as well as other rural resource use systems in Sweden. This analysis sheds new light on Linnaeus’ ethnographic work, his view of folk environmental knowledge, and his often derided identification with Sweden’s ethnic peoples.     

自然保护区聚落空间格局与演变的梯度效应——以贵州茂兰为例

研究自然保护区人类活动动态状况,对于加强自然保护区建设与管理具有重要意义。研究以三期高分辨率遥感影像为数据源,运用GIS技术和景观指数定量分析方法,分析了茂兰国家级自然保护区自1963年以来聚落(人类活动的中心场所)空间格局演变的梯度效应。结果表明:①在自然保护区自核心区到外围区,聚落规模、等级、形态等格局信息及其动态演变的梯度效应明显;②根据不同梯度区聚落空间格局演变及其对土地覆盖的影响特点,今后茂兰保护区规划管理应该考虑将洞多聚落迁出,使其不对核心区自然环境造成影响。同时,要加大对实验区聚落用地的管理力度,尽量减少人类活动对原生生态系统的不良影响;③设立保护区后,自核心区到外围区,景观多样性降低,土地利用综合程度指数变化进一步接近200,景观基质(森林)斑块增多,生态环境明显改善;④应加强保护区缓冲区距聚落200~800 m内的土地利用方式管理与生态建设。     

自然遗产地国家公园模式发展的影响因素与空间扩散

以自然生态环境保护与公共游憩为基本目标的国家公园模式被视为一种遗产保护和旅游发展融合互促的成熟模式。文章探讨国家公园模式在全球的空间扩散过程及其驱动因素,研究发现:①公益化价值取向是国家公园模式发展的主要动力;②经济发展水平提高反而会造成国家公园供给空间的缩小;③发展中国家与发达国家存在明显差异,环境关注度和旅游发展水平是发达国家的主要影响因素,而发展中国家的国家公园的发育与环境关注度不相关,与旅游发展水平呈负相关;④国家公园模式呈全球扩散趋势,空间重心的转移受国家宏观政治背景、 生态环境保护等因素的影响。     

中国自然保护区空间分布的经济分析

论文利用2008年自然保护区数据,分析全国自然保护区的空间分布特征,并结合自然保护区所在地的社会经济信息,进行空间统计分析,重点从机会成本和保护资金的角度探求影响自然保护区空间分布的经济因素。论文发现,当前自然保护区的空间分布是既有政策下地方政府符合经济理性的选择,机会成本对自然保护区决策有着重要的潜在影响,在自然保护决策中不容忽视。目前的空间分布也揭示了自然保护区管理资金的困境,特别是对于国家级自然保护区,现有资金机制可能成为推动地方政府在自然保护中管理失效的制度根源。国家应该将自然保护区工作与地方社会经济紧密结合,并对不同压力状态下的自然保护区在资金机制上进行分类管理,以便获得更好的保护成效。     

基于环境一号卫星的自然保护区生态系统健康评价

以生态系统健康及压力－状态响应模型作为研究方法,设计了一套基于环境一号卫星CCD数据的自然保护区生态系统健康评价评价方法、指标体系和技术流程.同时选择向海湿地自然保护区为示范区,以环境一号卫星CCD影像为数据源, 对指标, 对其生态系统健康现状进行了评价.结果表明,向海湿地自然保护区生态系统相对不健康、中等健康、较健康和相对健康的区域面积分别占整个自然保护区总面积的46.49%、18.02%、21.18%、14.31%,整个自然保护区生态系统健康水平一般,人类干扰严重,组织结构不太合理.向海湿地自然保护区生态系统健康水平一般的主要原因是人类活动日益增强和年降水量明显减少.     

Defining the balance point between conservation and development

In the face of the current global ecological crisis and the threats it poses to human survival and security, the fundamental solution is to resolve the deep contradiction between conservation and economic development. We considered the 3 key and basic questions of why to protect, how much to protect, and where to protect natural areas. Human survival depends on functioning ecosystems and the ecosystem services they provide. In this regard, conserving core biodiversity conservation priority areas (BCPAs) can provide maximum conservation benefit. The goals of protected area (PA) systems globally and nationally must be clearly defined so as to sustain the survival and development of people and to coordinate and balance other objectives with this goal at the center. There is an urgent need to study, calculate, and define the extent of the natural world to ensure the well-being of people. We call this area over which natural areas of land and sea extend across the world or a country nature proportion (N%). Especially, a minimum area that ensures human survival should be protected, and we suggest that this area should cover core BCPAs so that it can achieve the maximum conservation benefit. These recommendations could be applied at global or national levels. The Chinese government proposes “developing a protected-area system composed mainly of national parks,” and it has unified the administration of PAs into a central management authority. At this key time in the reform of the PA system, should this proposal be adopted, conservation will garner the greatest social consensus and support, and planning at the national level for BCPA coverage will be improved. We believe these recommendations are critical for China and other countries and extremely important for the world because they will pave the way toward a balance between nature conservation and human development as the projected human population reaches 10 billion by 2050.     

Linguistic diversity and conservation opportunities at UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Africa

Africa contains much of Earth's biological and cultural–linguistic diversity, but conserving this diversity is enormously challenging amid widespread poverty, expanding development, social unrest, and rapidly growing human population. We examined UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization) Natural World Heritage Sites (WHSs) on continental Africa and nearby islands—48 protected areas containing globally important natural or combined natural and cultural resources—to gauge the potential for enlisting Indigenous peoples in their conservation. We used geographic information system technology to identify instances where Natural WHSs co-occur with Indigenous languages, a key indicator of cultural diversity. And, we compared the geographic ranges for 4 taxa and selected freshwater species with occurrence of all Indigenous languages within Natural WHSs and subsections of WHSs covered by the geographic extent of Indigenous languages to measure the correlation between linguistic and biological diversity. Results indicated that 147 languages shared at least part of their geographic extent with Natural WHSs. Instances of co-occurrence where a WHS, a language, or both were endangered marked localities particularly deserving conservation attention. We examined co-occurrence of all languages and all species, all languages and endangered species, and endangered languages and endangered species and found a correlation between linguistic and biological diversity that may indicate fundamental links between these very different measures of diversity. Considering only endangered species or endangered languages and species reduced that correlation, although considerable co-occurrence persisted. Shared governance of government-designated reserves is applicable for natural WHSs because it capitalizes on the apparent connection between culture and nature. Natural WHSs in Africa containing speakers of Indigenous languages present opportunities to conserve both nature and culture in highly visible settings where maintaining natural systems may rely on functioning Indigenous cultural systems and vice versa.