工业发展与环境影响相互关系研究的进展

工业各行业的生产活动对环境质量的影响是不同的，要实现环境与经济的协调发展，建立合理的工业结构是前提。本文对工业结构与环境的关系进行了探讨，对目前已采用的线性规划分析、投入产出分析、友色系统分析、系统动力学分析、非线性一般均衡模型分析、GHG——2模型分析等几种定量分析方法进行了分析和对比，并对工业发展与环境保护研究前景提出了自己的见解。     

Emergy evaluation of an integrated livestock wastewater treatment system

Wastewater treatment practices should pay more attention to their environmental performances due to their resources consumption and emissions’ impact. While reclaimed water reuse seems to have become a promising practice, is it always feasible in any condition? To address this issue, this study carried out an extended emergy evaluation of a holistic wastewater treatment system. On one hand, this method was extended to include the emissions’ impact. On the other hand, this study integrated a wastewater treatment plant, its excess sludge disposal system and treated water disposal system into an integrated wastewater treatment system (IWTS), so as to evaluate its performances more completely. And then several indicators, including cost per unit pollutant eliminated (CUPE), ratio of positive output (RPO), environmental load ratio (ELR), and sustainability index (SI), were proposed for evaluating the performances of an IWTS. Two scenarios (scenario A: wastewater treatment + sludge landfilling + treated water discharges; scenario B: wastewater treatment + sludge landfilling + reclaimed water reuse) for a livestock wastewater treatment plant in Sichuan Agricultural University located in Ya’an City in Southwest China, as cases, were researched. The results show that scenario B has lower positive output efficiency and greater environmental load than scenario A. Meanwhile, the reclaimed water reuse raises cost per unit pollutant eliminated compared with the treated water being discharged directly; emissions’ impact enhances the environmental load of the two scenarios to different degree; emissions’ impact has decisive effect on the sustainability of the two scenarios. These results mean that the reclaimed water reuse should not be advocated in this case. This study provides some policy implications: (1) wastewater treatment process should be comprehensively evaluated from its resources consumption and impact of emissions; (2) reclaimed water reuse should be carefully evaluated from its pros and cons simultaneously; (3) the local conditions should be considered when implementing reclaimed water reuse, such as local water body conditions, market demands, the related laws and regulations, corporations’ economic conditions, etc.     

Fiji, land of tropical cyclones and hurricanes: A case study of agricultural rehabilitation

Tropical cyclones and hurricanes have a severe impact on the social and economic activities of affected communities. For small island nations in the Pacific region, the effects can be devastating because of their smallness. FQi and several other countries in the region are vulnerable to such disasters as they are situated in the zone where cyclones occur frequently.
During the last decade, the frequency of natural disasters and their adverse impact on die economic and social development of small nations like Fiji, has aroused awareness mat relief efforts must go beyond immediate "mopping up" operations to those which contribute to attaining longer term benefits through reconstruction and rehabilitation.
The paper outlines the 1985 agricultural rehabilitation program and discusses related issues and problems.     

Riparian livestock exclosure research in the western United States: a critique and some recommendations

Over the last three decades, livestock exclosure research has emerged as a preferred method to evaluate the ecology of riparian ecosystems and their susceptibility to livestock impacts. This research has addressed the effects of livestock exclusion on many characteristics of riparian ecosystems, including vegetation, aquatic and terrestrial animals, and geomorphology. This paper reviews, critiques, and provides recommendations for the improvement of riparian livestock exclosure research. Exclosure-based research has left considerable scientific uncertainty due to popularization of relatively few studies, weak study designs, a poor understanding of the scales and mechanisms of ecosystem recovery, and selective, agenda-laden literature reviews advocating for or against public lands livestock grazing. Exclosures are often too small (<50 ha) and improperly placed to accurately measure the responses of aquatic organisms or geomorphic processes to livestock removal. Depending upon the site conditions when and where livestock exclosures are established, postexclusion dynamics may vary considerably. Systems can recover quickly and predictably with livestock removal (the “rubber band” model), fail to recover due to changes in system structure or function (the “Humpty Dumpty” model), or recover slowly and remain more sensitive to livestock impacts than they were before grazing was initiated (the “broken leg” model). Several initial ideas for strengthening the scientific basis for livestock exclosure research are presented: (1) incorporation of meta-analyses and critical reviews. (2) use of restoration ecology as a unifying conceptual framework; (3) development of long-term research programs; (4) improved exclosure placement/design; and (5) a stronger commitment to collection of pretreatment data.     

造纸工业废水资源化途径的新探讨

本文从造纸工业废水治理技术现状分析入手,讨论了目前用于处理造纸黑液和白水的主要处理工艺及其特点。在此基础上,提出了造纸工业废水尤其是造纸黑液综合利用的新途径。着重对造纸工业废水污灌作了重点的分析,对用造纸黑液作为型煤粘合剂和水煤浆生产工艺用水作了探讨性分析,为造纸工业废水尤其是造纸黑液资源化途径的探讨提出了新思路。     

信息安全产业与信息安全经济分析

随着信息化的推进和信息产业的发展 ,信息交换已经成为信息社会人们享用信息的主要途径 ;信息系统的不断扩大、电子政务的不断深化、信息共享范围的不断增加 ,都对信息安全提出了越来越高的要求。信息安全产品的不断涌现 ,部分信息安全产品趋于成熟 ,信息安全产业作为一种新型的产业正在逐渐形成并呈现出高增长的势头 ;信息产品市场应用需求相对集中 ,市场主体相对分散的特性要求信息安全服务要逐步完善 ,信息安全产品监管应不断加强 ,由此而产生的信息安全经济问题应受到重视。笔者从信息安全产品入手 ,深入分析了信息安全产业和信息安全经济的发展状况、存在的问题等 ,提出了信息安全产业和信息安全经济的发展趋势。     

Managing fodder trees as a solution to human–livestock food conflicts and their contribution to income generation for smallholder farmers in southern Africa

Livestock production is an integral part of smallholder farming systems in southern Africa. While goats and sheep play some role in the smallholder farmer household economy, cattle are the predominant livestock species supplying draught power, milk, manure and meat. Production of cattle is based on range grazing. However, the nutritive value of the range is generally low depending on vegetation type and season. With the rapid increase in human population in southern Africa and the increasing need to produce staple food on a sustainable basis, smallholder farmers are increasingly encroaching onto lands formerly reserved for livestock grazing. Therefore, livestock subsisting on the range require supplementation. Conventional bought‐in supplements are expensive. Fodder trees and shrubs have been integrated within some farming systems of southern Africa as fodder banks with varying degrees of success. Work carried out in Tanzania, Malawi and Zimbabwe is reviewed to provide evidence on how the fodder tree technology has impacted on livestock production with special reference to smallholder dairy production, human food production and smallholder farmers’ income. For the wider adoption of the technology, a synopsis of the different scaling up pathways and approaches adopted by research and development agencies is presented.     

论印染产业循环经济发展模式

在对我国的印染业现状、环境危害、格局以及发展趋势进行说明的基础上,对印染产业发展循环经济的模式进行了探讨;通过建立循环经济模式的印染工业园,运用循环经济理念进行园区规划,采取单一产品的规模化处置以及水的循环利用,最终建立循环经济产业共生体系。     

“十一五”期间我国水泥工业的污染减排形势

水泥工业是我国国民经济发展的重要基础性产业,同时也是我国“十一五”期间节能减排的重点行业。对我国水泥工业发展和主要污染物排放现状进行分析后发现,我国水泥工业存在产业梯度转移带来污染转移的风险。同时在现状分析基础上对“十一五”水泥工业污染减排的形势进行了评估。根据保守预测,到2010年,我国水泥工业的粉尘排放量和二氧化硫排放量同比2005年将分别削减29％和13％,根据乐观预测,2010年分别比2005年削减58％和26％。     

半导体行业含氟废水处理的研究

在过去几年,中国的半导体工业得到了迅速的发展,同时也带来了新的环境问题,其中尤以含氟废水的危害最为严重。文章详细介绍了某半导体企业含氟废水处理站,包括含氟废水的来源,危害,常用的处理方法,实验情况,本工程采用的工艺流程和运行情况等。实验数据和工程运行情况都证明,pH值为7．5—8．5时,以化学沉淀法和混凝沉淀法处理含氟废水效果最好。实践证明利用强酸强碱调节废水pH值后,采用CaCl2处理含氟废水,具有操作简便和处理费用低等优点,同时针对CaF2沉淀对处理设备的影响提出了有效措施。