Smaller farm size and ruminant animals are associated with increased supply of non-provisioning ecosystem services

To balance trade-offs between livestock’s negative environmental impacts and their positive contributions (e.g. maintaining semi-natural grasslands, varied agricultural landscapes and crop rotations), a better understanding is needed of how the supply of ecosystem services differs across farms. We analysed a suite of indicators for non-provisioning ecosystem services on a large subset of Swedish farms (71% of farms, covering 82% of agricultural land) and related these to farm type, farm size and livestock density. The analysed indicators exhibited clear geographical patterns with hotspots especially in less productive regions. Controlling for this spatial variation we still found that small-scale and ruminant farms were associated with more varied landscapes, small-scale habitats, semi-natural grasslands and better crop sequences compared to nearby farms specialised in crop production, while farms specialising in monogastric livestock were associated with less varied landscapes and inferior crop sequences. Results for cultural ecosystem services indicated that farms with more semi-natural grassland were associated with more visitors and more likely located within designated recreation or nature conservation areas.Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13280-022-01726-y.     

期施用有机肥对棕壤中主要重金属积累的影响

以沈阳农业大学棕壤长期定位试验地为研究对象,分别选取不同年限CK、M_2、M4、N_4P_2、M_4+N_4P_2等10个处理的0～20 cm土壤,测定土壤中Cu、Zn、Pb和Cd等重金属的含量.结果表明:随着年限的增长,土壤中Cu、Zn、Pb和Cd的含量均呈现增加的趋势,以施用有机肥M4和Mz及有机肥化肥配施M_4+N_4P_2对土壤中重金属Cu、Zn、Pb和Cd含量影响最为明显,而在无肥对照CK和单施化肥N_4P_2处理下四种元素均有少量增加;几种重金属元素增长的相对大小为:Cd>Cu>Zn>Pb,其中目前Cu含量还未达到国家二级环境质量标准,Cd含量超标应引起足够重视.几种元素的相关分析表明,Cu、Zn之间具有极显著相关性,表明它们的来源具有一定的相关性. u、zn、Pb和Cd等重金属的含量.结果表明:随着年限的增长,土壤中Cu、Zn、Pb和Cd的含量均呈现增加的趋势,以施用有机肥M4和Mz及有机肥化肥配施M_4+N_4P_2对土壤中重金属Cu、Zn、Pb和Cd含量影响最为明显,而在无肥对照CK和单施化肥N_4P_2处理下四种元素均有少量增加;几种重金属元素增长的相对大小为:Cd>Cu>Zn>Pb,其中 前Cu含量还未达到国家二级环境质量标准,Cd含量超标应引起足够重视.几种元素的相关分析表明,     

Modeling manure-borne bromide and fecal coliform transport with runoff and infiltration at a hillslope

Hillslope vegetated buffers are recommended to prevent water pollution from agricultural runoff. However, models to predict the efficacy of different grass buffer designs are lacking. The objective of this work was to develop and test a mechanistic model of coupled surface and subsurface flow and transport of bacteria and a conservative tracer on hillslopes. The testing should indicate what level of complexity and observation density might be needed to capture essential processes in the model. We combined the three-dimensional FEMWATER model of saturated-unsaturated subsurface flow with the Saint-Venant model for runoff. The model was tested with data on rainfall-induced fecal coliforms (FC) and bromide (Br) transport from manure applied at vegetated and bare 6-m long plots. The calibration of water retention parameters was unnecessary, and the same manure release parameters could be used both for simulations of Br and FC. Surface straining rates were similar for Br and bacteria. Simulations of Br and FC concentrations were least successful for the funnels closest to the source. This could be related to the finger-like flow of the manure from the strip along the bare slopes, to the transport of Br and FC with manure colloids that became strained at the grass slope, and to the presence of micro-ponds at the grassed slope. The two-dimensional model abstraction of the actual 3D transport worked well for flux-averaged concentrations. The model developed in this work is suitable to simulate surface and subsurface transport of agricultural contaminants on hillslopes and to evaluate efficiency of grass strip buffers, especially when lateral subsurface flow is important.     

阿什河流域养殖业废水对松花江水质影响及防治对策

通过选用纵向推流、横向扩散二维数学模型对阿什河流域畜禽养殖业废水排入松花江而对松花江水质的影响进行分析预测,在此基础上提出污染防治措施与对策。     

三种调理剂与家畜粪便减量化处理效果分析

养殖业作为我国经济和农业的重要组成部分,已经逐步向着规模化、产业化方向发展,大型的现代化畜牧场、养殖场不断出现,同时大量集中的禽畜粪便导致的环境污染越来越严重,且已成为制约养殖业发展的一个重要因素。本试验就是利用日本JST赠送的生态厕所为反应装置,从家畜粪便(牛粪)的减量化处理及资源化利用的角度出发,做三个平行处理试验,分别以木屑、玉米秸秆屑和木屑混合物、玉米秸秆屑三种物料为调理剂,与家畜养殖场的牛粪进行序批式好氧减量化处理。旨在为研究中国农业的玉米作物秸秆是否可以替代木屑作为反应过程中的调理剂,达到对禽畜养殖业粪便良好的减量化处理效果,减轻对环境的污染。     

Nitrogen leaching under corn cultivation stabilized after four years application of pig manure to red soil in subtropical China

The impact of long-term pig manure application to a red soil in subtropical China on nitrate leaching was investigated in a field lysimeter experiment from 2002 to 2009. Simultaneously, nitrate leaching was simulated by water and nitrogen management model (WNMM) basing on these observed data to determine the environmental threshold of manure application. Nitrate concentrations in the drainage and nitrate leaching under low manure application (150 kg N ha⁻¹ y⁻¹) did not increase during the study period. Interestingly, the nitrate concentrations in drainage water following high manure application (600 kg N ha⁻¹ y⁻¹) increased exponentially in the first four years and then remained at 13 mg l⁻¹ for the next four years. Addition of lime based on high manure application had no significant effect on nitrate concentrations or total nitrate leaching. WNMM simulated the variation in corn yields and nitrate leaching well. The environmentally safe threshold for long-term application of pig manure was 360 kg N ha⁻¹.     

Reconnecting crop and cattle farming to reduce nitrogen losses to river water of an intensive agricultural catchment (Seine basin,France): past,present and future

Nitrate and pesticide contamination of surface and groundwater has become a major problem in intensive farming regions in Europe, with nitrate concentrations reaching values above the standard defined in 2000 by the European Water Framework Directive. In the Seine basin, a major issue is the closure and abandonment of drinking-water wells, which force water managers and drinking-water producers to explore solutions for water resource protection. Organic farming has appeared as a credible alternative to conventional farming, and this study explores the potential of organic farming to reconcile agricultural production and water quality. On the basis of agricultural statistics, survey questionnaires and experimental data, the nitrogen soil surface balance (N-SSB) has been established at the scale of a small 104-km² catchment (The Orgeval sub-basin), representative of the intensive cash crop farming in the Seine basin. The N-surplus for arable land in specialized organic cash crop systems has been found to be half that of current conventional systems (15 kg N ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ versus 30 kg N ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹, respectively). The N-yield in organic systems is 21% lower than in conventional systems, but total fertilization (mostly symbiotic N fixation) is also 26% lower. Whereas 2–3 years of forage legume (e.g., alfalfa) as a starter crop of the typical 7- to 10-year diversified rotation builds up N soil fertility and helps prevent weeds without pesticides, the existence of an outlet for this fodder production is a limiting factor for the economic sustainability and the environmental benefits of these farming systems. Therefore, we explored the possibility of a reconnection of livestock and crop farming systems in the Orgeval catchment, a traditional dairy farming and Brie cheese production region. We calculated the N-SSB for this type of a reconnected livestock and cropping system and found a value very close to the specialized organic cash crop system with full utilization of fodder production, leading to profitable animal production, essentially as milk in this farm design. This reconnected system is compared with the estimated situation in 1955 before separation of plant and livestock production. Furthermore, the N-SSB values were converted into infiltrating sub-root concentrations and used as a boundary condition to a biogeochemical model. Organic cropping and organic reconnected livestock cropping systems result in a 50% reduction of surface water nitrate concentrations, a surface water quality 20% better than that reconstructed for 1955, with an overall higher protein production.     

The conversion of chicken manure to biooil by fast pyrolysis II. Analysis of chicken manure,biooils, and char by curie-point pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Cp Py-GC/MS)

The initial chicken manure and the three fractions derived from it by fast pyrolysis, that is, the two biooils Fractions I and II as well as the residual char were analyzed by Curie-point pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Cp Py-GC/MS). The individual compounds identified were grouped into the following six compound classes: (a) N-heterocyclics; (b) substituted furans; (c) phenol and substituted phenols; (d) benzene and substituted benzenes; (e) carbocyclics; and (f) aliphatics. Of special interest were the relatively high concentrations of N-heterocyclics in biooil Fraction II which was obtained in the highest yield and had the highest calorific value. Prominent N-heterocyclics in biooil Fraction II were methyl-and ethyl-substituted pyrroles, pyridines, pyrimidine, pyrazines, and pteridine. Also noteworthy was the high abundance of aliphatics in biooil Fraction I and the char. The alkanes and alkenes in biooil Fraction I ranged from n-C₇ to n-C₁₈ and C_7:1 to C_18:1, respectively, and those in the char from n-C₇ to n-C₁₉ and C_7:1 to C_19:1, respectively. The N-heterocyclics in the two biooil Fractions came from the chicken manure, from proteinaceous materials during fast pyrolysis or were formed during the fast pyrolysis manure conversion by the Maillard reaction which involved the formation of N-heterocyclics by amino acids interacting with sugars.     

Erratum

The influence of soil macro-porosity and manure on atrazine (6-chloro-N-ethyl-N′-(1-methylethyl)-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine) transport was investigated under laboratory conditions using disturbed and undisturbed soil columns. The macro-porosity in the soil column was obtained with CT scanning technique. Liquid manure was applied at the surface of soil column, 19 cm long and 8 cm in diameter, at a rate of 60 m³/ha. Experimental results revealed that atrazine moves faster through the soils in the presence of manure compared to soil without application of manure. The average time for elusion and the relative peak concentration in the disturbed soil column without manure was 14.5 h and 3.1%, respectively compared to 11.0 h and 6.9% in the presence of manure, respectively. Similar behavior was observed in the case of disturbed soil columns. Soil macro-porosity has shown large impact on atrazine transport, especially in the presence of manure.     

四川省畜牧养殖业污染现状及防治研究

畜禽养殖业污染问题近年已成为农村污染的主要来源.通过对四川省畜禽养殖业主要污染物排放现状进行阐述,分析四川省畜禽规模化养殖和养殖专业户生产情况,以及对5种畜禽主要污染物产排污系数的分析,提出四川省畜禽养殖污染防治的技术指导.