HYDROLOGIC CONSIDERATIONS OF THE UPPER ST. JOHNS RIVER BASIN,FLORIDA1

ABSTRACT: Since the early 1900's the Upper St. Johns River Basin, Florida, has been experiencing rapid agricultural development, through reclamation of the low-lying marshland by organized drainage districts, private land owners and corporations. These low-lying marsh areas, which constitute the floodplain, have been altered by the creation of levees, thereby reducing the natural storage capacity and permanently altering the regime of the system. This floodplain encroachment has resulted in both higher and lower water levels occurring in the upper basin area, and an increase in hydroperiod. This paper discusses the history and background of the basin accompanied by a hydrologic discussion, and suggests recommendations for a water management plan that could improve the overall operation and management of the Upper St. Johns River basin.     

STREAM WASTE ASSIMILATIVE CAPACITY ANALYSIS USING REAERATION COEFFICIENTS MEASURED BY TRACER TECHNIQUES1

Atmospheric reaeration is a natural mechanism of oxygen transfer from the atmosphere to a water body. In practice, stream water quality models are developed with reaeration coefficients (K₂) estimated by predictive equations. This leads to uncertainties in modeling analysis because these equations are empirical in nature and may yield greatly different K₂ values for the same stream. Values of K₂ may be adjusted in model calibration, but unfortunately, values of other model parameters are no less easy to identify and require adjustment in model calibration as well. Therefore, validity of a stream model would be enhanced significantly if K₂ could be determined directly and reliably. In this research, values of K₂ in the Canandaiqua Outlet in Central New York have been measured by using a gas tracer method. A successful modeling analysis was conducted using these K₂ values. As a result, effluent limitations of several waste water discharges into the Outlet were established. It was concluded that field measurements of reaeration rate would improve modeling results significantly, and that the gas tracer method can be easily incorporated into intensive water quality surveys normally required for stream modeling.     

Local Capacity for Groundwater Protection in Ontario

Preventing groundwater contamination is vastly cheaper than remediation. Recognizing this, attention in water and land management agencies in North America increasingly turn to groundwater protection. Local agencies, such as municipalities and watershed management districts, are vital to successful groundwater protection, but they face daunting challenges. In the United States, senior governments have recognized these challenges and provide considerable support for local agencies. In Ontario, Canada, local agencies are, to a much greater extent, on their own. The aims in this paper are to analyze factors that shape local capacity for groundwater protection, focusing on Ontario, and to recommend avenues for capacity building. Interrelationships among five dimensions of capacity (technical, financial, institutional, social, and political) are explored through an analysis of three smaller Ontario communities: City of Guelph (population 93,400), Town of Orangeville (population 22,188), and Town of Erin (population 11,000). Size clearly influences capacity for groundwater protection. However, other considerations unrelated to size appear to be as important. These other factors include the ability to form horizontal and vertical linkages with external agencies, political leadership and commitment, and citizen involvement. Thus, smaller communities in Ontario (and other jurisdictions with limited senior government support) would do well to focus on these areas at the same time as they develop their technical, financial, and institutional capacity.     

利用土地人口容力开放模型对沪苏锡常城市群的分析

本文提出了土地人口容力,即单位面积土地的人口容量的概念,建立了描述和测算开放区域人口容力的模型,确立了模型对多种人口容力定义,揭示了不同人口容力模型的内在联系性,并将它用于沪苏锡常城市群的土地人口容力测算和分析。     

四川省环境中的汞

本文较系统地报道了四川省地面水环境（河，湖原水，过滤水，沉积物），土壤，大气降水及生物－鱼体中的含量及分布特点，得出四川省环境中的汞与国内外相比属于罗低水平，地面水环境中汞的含量及溶解态汞由川东南向川西北递减，土壤中汞的含量与土壤类型，成土母质，降水条件等相关，鱼类对河水中汞有较强的富集能力，大气降水是四川省环境中汞的来源之一。文章还研究了汞的水环境容量，指出汞是四川省水环境较为脆弱的重要因素之一     

瑞利波法在检验复合地基效果中的应用

应用弹性波理论研究场地土物理特征,以瑞利波的基本原理与理论解释为基础,提出用瑞利波法测定场地土力学参数。该方法具有快速、经济、不受场地条件影响等特点,其成果与反映整个场地平面的原位测试结果几乎一致。实例分析说明了该法的实用性与可靠性,同时提出采用瑞利波法普查结合少数几组荷载板试验的方法,对整个场地的检测与评价将更为全面、准确和客观。     

Community Exchange and Training in the Suid Bokkeveld: A UNCCD Pilot Project to Enhance Livelihoods and Natural Resource Management

Community knowledge exchanges have played a key role in developmental processes in the Suid Bokkeveld community of South Africa. Two exchange visits were undertaken with the support of the Department of Agriculture and an NGO, the Environmental Monitoring Group, which have led to local economic development and enhanced capacity to manage natural resources in a sustainable manner. These pilot projects were undertaken within the framework of the Community Exchange and Training Programme of the Global Mechanism of the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD). The methodology applied included facilitation to develop a community-based vision for development, in terms of which the community exchange process was designed. A Facilitation Team of service providers conducted preparatory workshops, and identified potential partner communities. Two exchange visits were carried out, one focused on Rooibos production and marketing, and the other on community-based eco-tourism. Following report-back and planning workshops, emerging community-driven initiatives were supported through their formative stages. The initiatives have not only resulted in enhanced livelihoods, but the methodology has also been applied widely in a number of different contexts.     

Connecting Community Action and Science to Combat Desertification: Evaluation of a Process

Combating desertification requires the involvement of many people ranging from communities who experience the effects on a daily basis and scientists attempting to understand the biophysical and socio-economic causes and consequences of desertification, to developers and policy makers on all levels. In many instances, however, the understanding, approaches and actions of these different groups contradict rather than support one another. Over the period 2000 to 2002, a conference process undertaken in southern Africa brought together communities, scientists, and development workers to test the concept that they could connect and work together to combat desertification, given an appropriate framework. The conference was a success, and communities, scientists and developers did exchange experience, knowledge and information. Many lessons were learned, although some pitfalls were experienced. Time, funding, enhanced communication, and good will are the primary ingredients for ensuring that different sectors complement one another in their efforts to combat desertification.     

抚顺市空气环境容量的测算

在建立空气污染物排放清单的基础上，利用ADMS-城市多元扩散模型，采用城市空气质量管理战略初步成果，测算了抚顺市二氧化硫、颗粒物的容量。     

一种新型悬浮填料的性能试验研究

本文对生物接触氧化法中的悬浮填料一密度、材质和形状对曝气强度、充氧能力及挂膜能力的影响进行了试验研究.研究中分别采用清水状态的曝气和充氧能力试验以及挂膜的方法.结果表明,悬浮填料的密度在0.95～0.99 g/cma之间比较适合.曝气池内加入填料后,可以提高普通穿孔管的充氧能力,且在一定的投配率范围内,随着填料的增加,氧的传递速率和利用率增加.挂膜试验表明聚丙烯比聚乙烯挂膜快且均匀,膜量大,而且圆柱形填料比空心球填料的挂膜量大.