HYSTAR Sediment Model: Distributed Two‐Dimensional Simulation of Watershed Erosion and Sediment Transport Using Time‐Area Routing

An erosion and sediment transport component incorporated in the HYdrology Simulation using Time‐ARea method (HYSTAR) upland watershed model provides grid‐based prediction of erosion, transport and deposition of sediment in a dynamic, continuous, and fully distributed framework. The model represents the spatiotemporally varied flow in sediment transport simulation by coupling the time‐area routing method and sediment transport capacity approach within a grid‐based spatial data model. This avoids the common, and simplistic, approach of using the Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) to estimate erosion rates with a delivery ratio to relate gross soil erosion to sediment yield of a watershed, while enabling us to simulate two‐dimensional sediment transport processes without the complexity of numerical solution of the partial differential governing equations. In using the time‐area method for routing sediment, the model offers a novel alternative to watershed‐scale sediment transport simulation that provides detailed spatial representation. In predicting four‐year sediment hydrographs of a watershed in Virginia, the model provided good performance with R² of 0.82 and 0.78 and relative error of ?35% and 11% using the Yalin and Yang's sediment transport capacity equations, respectively. Prediction of spatiotemporal variation in sediment transport processes was evaluated using maps of sediment transport rates, concentrations, and erosion and deposition mass, which compare well with expected behavior of flow hydraulics and sediment transport processes.     

基于大气环境箱式模型对成都平原城市群主要城市空间发展的评价分析

本文讨论了大气环境箱式模型的两种表达方式在成都平原城市群规划中的适用性,并采用箱式模型计算成都平原城市群主要城市的大气环境容量,通过对不同假设条件的用地布局方案的大气环境容量计算和比较,对规划方案确定的南北轴线主要城市空间发展提出了限制性条件,使规划方案符合大气环境容量的要求,以确保环境空气质量目标的实现.     

水资源承载力研究进展

目前,水资源承载力研究主要集中于水资源承载力的各个方面,总体上还没有对其形成一个系统的认识。在总结水资源承载力研究历史和现状的基础上,阐述了水资源承载力的概念与内涵,对其研究方法及存在问题进行了论述,并预测了水资源承载力研究的发展趋势。     

基于相对资源承载力的可持续发展问题研究——以河北省为例

采用相对资源承载力的研究思路与计算方法,分别计算出1996—2005年河北省土地资源、经济资源的相对承载力和综合承载力,并分析了其动态变化过程。研究表明:①河北省综合承载力一直处于超载状态,经济资源承载力于2004年后呈现富余状态,经济资源成为河北省的主要承载资源;②与环渤海的其它4省市相比,相对土地资源承载力处于富余状态,相对经济资源承载力处于超载状态;③河北省内11个地市相对资源承载力存在着地区差异。通过河北省相对承载力方面的研究,提出了河北省实现可持续发展的对策与建议。     

C2–C8 NMHCs over the Eastern Mediterranean: Seasonal variation and impact on regional oxidation chemistry

More than 2500 measurements of C₂–C₈ non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHCs) have been conducted at Finokalia sampling station on the island of Crete over a thirty-month period (September 2003–February 2006), to investigate the factors controlling NMHC levels and estimate their role in the oxidizing capacity of the Eastern Mediterranean atmosphere. Atmospheric concentrations of NMHCs range from below the detection limit (5 pptv) to a few ppbv and present a hydroxyl radical (OH) driven seasonal pattern with lower values during summer. The diel variability was also influenced by the reaction of the NMHC with the OH radical, exhibiting a nighttime maximum and a midday or early afternoon minimum. Long-lived compounds demonstrate higher concentrations under the influence of the northern sector (European continent), indicating that besides chemistry, transport significantly contributes to NMHCs levels in the area. Based on the observed NMHCs diurnal cycles, mean OH radical levels of 3.5 × 10⁶ molecules cm⁻³ have been derived for May–October period.     

Relationship of urinary arsenic metabolites to intake estimates in residents of the Red River Delta, Vietnam

This study investigated the status of arsenic (As) exposure from groundwater and rice, and its methylation capacity in residents from the Red River Delta, Vietnam. Arsenic levels in groundwater ranged from <1.8 to 486 μg/L. Remarkably, 86% of groundwater samples exceeded WHO drinking water guideline of 10 μg/L. Also, estimated inorganic As intake from groundwater and rice were over Provisional Tolerable Weekly Intake (15 μg/week/kg body wt.) by FAO/WHO for 92% of the residents examined. Inorganic As and its metabolite (monomethylarsonic acid and dimethylarsinic acid) concentrations in human urine were positively correlated with estimated inorganic As intake. These results suggest that residents in these areas are exposed to As through consumption of groundwater and rice, and potential health risk of As is of great concern for these people. Urinary concentration ratios of dimethylarsinic acid to monomethylarsonic acid in children were higher than those in adults, especially among men, indicating greater As methylation capacity in children.     

疏浚对巢湖双桥河水环境容量的影响

双桥河是巢湖受污染较为严重的入湖河流之一,其入湖口距巢湖市自来水厂取水口仅500 m,同时也是巢湖市的主要行洪河道,为了改善水质状况并提高河道行洪能力,于2010年3—5月对双桥河进行了疏浚。本文作者于2009年12月—2010年10月对双桥河监测断面及排污口进行了监测,在分析双桥河水质及现有污染源的基础上,选择CODMn、TP、NH3-N和TN作为水质敏感参数,对疏浚前后双桥河的不同河段污染物质的水环境容量进行了模拟计算,并调查了水生植被覆盖度及沉积物氮磷含量的变化。结果表明,疏浚后整个河道水生植被的覆盖度由40%降低到5%左右,各污染物的降解系数都有较大程度的降低,同时疏浚后短期内CODMn和TP的环境容量均有一定程度的降低,而NH3-N和TN的环境容量变化较小。分析认为,这一方面是由于疏浚后河道内水生植物覆盖度的降低导致水体的自净能力降低,另一方面是由于疏浚过程中的扰动引起大量沉积物的再悬浮及污染物的释放。所以在减少外来污染的前提下,对重富营养化水体底泥进行疏浚并开展水生植被恢复工程应是控制富营养化的有效途径。     

湖泊围栏养殖容量估算

随着中国水产养殖业的快速发展,水产养殖业对水环境的污染日益引起关注.确定合理的水产养殖容量是协调经济效益和环境保护的基础.分析、比较了目前关于养殖容量的主要观点,阐述了生态容纳量、环境容纳量和养殖容量等概念及其相互关系.从规划环境影响评价的角度,确定水产养殖容量的定义为:在自然条件、水环境及社会、经济和现有生产技术等因素的约束下,水产养殖活动所能获得的最大养殖产量.它由自然容纳量(Enp)、需求容量(Dp)和基于水环境容量的养殖容量(Ewp)3部分组成.据此,建立了养殖容量计算模型,并核算出东太湖围网养殖的最佳养殖模式为轮牧式养蟹600 kg/hm2,养殖容量为年河蟹养殖量1 685.0 t,年配套草食性鱼类5 015.6 t(散养,不围网),养殖面积为3 056.20 hm2(不使用外源性饲料).     

空速和二氧化碳对沼气脱硫剂硫容确定的影响

为了弄清空速与二氧化碳含量对氧化铁脱硫剂硫容确定的影响,分别在实验气源为纯硫化氢,空速为40、80、120和160 h-1以及实验气源为二氧化碳含量分别在0%、20%、40%和80%,其余为硫化氢,空速为80 h-1条件下,对T502(粗脱硫剂)和HXT-2(精脱硫剂)2种氧化铁脱硫剂进行了不同测试条件对氧化铁硫容确定影响的研究。研究结果表明,T502和HXT-2氧化铁脱硫剂硫容测试结果随着空速和二氧化碳含量增加而减少,结果显示了在空速较低条件下(120h-1),二氧化碳含量在40%以下时对氧化铁脱硫剂硫容测试结果影响不大,但二氧化碳含量在40%以上时,对氧化铁脱硫剂硫容测试结果影响显著。     

黑麦草根际强化微生物净化甲苯

采用在普通生物反应器上种植黑麦草的方法,研究了黑麦草根系强化微生物净化甲苯污染气体的作用,及甲苯入口浓度、填料深度、温度对反应器净化甲苯速率的影响。结果表明,在生物反应器相同的填料深度,细菌数量的水平分布为黑麦草根际区>过渡区>非根际,与相同位置的甲苯浓度分布呈负相关,说明黑麦草根系通过促进细菌的活性进而增加甲苯的降解。在相同的甲苯入口浓度下,甲苯的净化速率随着填料深度的增加而增加,在甲苯入口浓度不高于500 mg/m3条件下,相同的填料深度,反应器对甲苯的净化速率随着甲苯浓度的增加而增加。在5~35℃范围内,温度升高有助于提高微生物活性,促进微生物对甲苯的降解,且有黑麦草处理的甲苯净化速率大于同等条件下无黑麦草处理。