城中湖水环境容量计算和对策研究

以城中湖西园排污口的水质监测数据和相关水文参数为基础,运用湖泊推流衰减模式推算城中湖的降解系数K,KCOD、KTP和KTN分别为0.0011d-1、0.00151d-1和0.0010d-1。选择质量平衡方程作为水环境容量的计算模型,分别以COD、TP和TN为控制因子,计算了城中湖的水环境容量。根据排入城中湖的污染源调查和水环境容量计算结果,得到城中湖水环境容量余量。针对城中湖现状,提出了防止城中湖水体富营养化的措施和建议。     

厦门市生态足迹动态分析

生态足迹（ecological footprint,EF）方法是一种衡量自然资源可持续利用的生物物理定量评价工具,能够反映出一个区域在一段时期内的可持续发展过程及其影响因子。文章基于生态足迹的理论模型,以恒定世界产量为前提,分析了厦门市1997年-2005年的生态足迹动态变化。结果表明,在这期间厦门市的人均生态足迹超过了人均生态承载力,并且两者之差（即生态赤字）不断增加。此外,通过分析总结了影响厦门市生态足迹以及生态赤字的关键性因子,这为厦门市的可持续发展决策提供了支持和依据。     

Physical limitations and musculoskeletal complaints associated with work in unusual or restricted postures: a literature review

INTRODUCTION: The vast majority of ergonomics research has addressed the demands of work in standing or sitting postures, and understandably so. However, many workers (e.g., underground miners, aircraft baggage handlers, plumbers, agricultural workers, mechanics, and others) are often required to adopt postures such as kneeling, stooping, squatting, or lying down for significant periods of the workday. METHOD: A literature search was performed using the ISI Web of Science database (for years 1980-2004). Articles retrieved from this search were evaluated in terms of relevance to assessing physical capabilities of workers in these postures and/or the musculoskeletal epidemiology associated with these postures. RESULTS: Work in unusual and restricted postures was associated with significantly higher rates of musculoskeletal complaints compared to workers not adopting these postures in epidemiology studies (Odds Ratios ranging from 1.13 to 13). Some studies suggested a dose-response relationship, with longer exposures leading to increased musculoskeletal complaints. Physical strength and psychophysical lifting capacity vary significantly as unusual or restricted postures are adopted, with lower lifting capacities evident in the kneeling, squatting, and lying positions. CONCLUSIONS: Workers who adopt unusual or restricted postures appear to be at higher risk of musculoskeletal complaints and often exhibit reduced strength and lifting capacity. Research needs in this area include improved exposure assessment tools, studies of intervention effectiveness, adaptations of the body in response of work in unusual postures, and elucidation of relevant injury pathways. IMPACT ON INDUSTRY: Workers who adopt unusual or restricted postures in their work often experience higher musculoskeletal injury rates. If awkward postures cannot be eliminated in the workplace, jobs should be designed in accordance with the reduced strength and lifting capabilities observed in these postures.     

动测法检测桩承载力和完整性

笔者针对京秦客运通道提速改造工程 ,利用低应变动测法对混凝土灌注桩承载力和桩完整性进行了检测 ;根据低应变动测桩的频率理论 ,考虑波在不同介质中的传播特性 ,推导了频率公式 ;从而得出了低应变动测确定单桩承载力的理论依据。对桩检测方法和判定标准进行了分类 ,对桩的承载力和桩身完整性进行了分析讨论。为低应变动测分析法在工程上的应用积累了经验 ,对该法在工程上的推广应用具有指导意义。     

非均匀火灾作用下方形钢管混凝土短柱剩余承载力研究

为研究非均匀火灾作用下方形钢管混凝土短柱剩余承载力,在合理采用钢材和混凝土本构关系的前提下,基于ABAQUS建立了火灾后钢管混凝土柱相继热力耦合分析模型,并依据试验数据验证模型有效性。在此基础上进行了单面、相对两面受火状态下方形钢管混凝土短柱的轴压工作机理分析和参数分析,结果表明:受火方式对构件温度场及受力机理影响较大;受火时间、截面边长、防火保护层厚度是构件非均匀受火后剩余承载力的主要影响参数。在工程常用范围内,回归了两种受火方式下方钢管轴压短柱剩余承载力影响系数计算公式,可为该类构件在火灾后的修复提供参考。     

Role of hydrogen bond capacity of solvents in reactions of amines with CO2: A computational study

Various computational methods were employed to investigate the zwitterion formation,a critical step for the reaction of monoethanolamine with CO_2,in five solvents(water,monoethanolamine,propylamine,methanol and chloroform) to probe the effect of hydrogen bond capacity of solvents on the reaction of amine with CO_2 occurring in the amine-based CO_2 capture process.The results indicate that the zwitterion can be formed in all considered solvents except chloroform.For two pairs of solvents(methanol and monoethanolamine,propylamine and chloroform) with similar dielectric constant but different hydrogen bond capacity,the solvents with higher hydrogen bond capacity(monoethanolamine and propylamine) facilitate the zwitterion formation.More importantly,kinetics parameters such as activation free energy for the zwitterion formation are more relevant to the hydrogen bond capacity than to dielectric constant of the considered solvents,clarifying the hydrogen bond capacity could be more important than dielectric constant in determining the kinetics of monoethanolamine with CO_2.     

利用活性碳毡构建流通式电容去离子器件及其电容脱盐性能研究

采用活性碳毡(ACF)作为电吸附材料,构建流通式(Flow-through)电容去离子(CDI)装置,以模拟盐水为对象,考察了电压、通量、进水初始浓度及盐离子种类等条件对ACF电吸附容量的影响,并与平板式(Flow-by)电容去离子装置对比.结果表明,在流通式运行模式下,ACF电吸附容量随着电压、进水盐浓度的增大而增大,吸盐量最终会达到极值(最大吸附量).ACF电吸附容量会随着进水通量的增大先增大后减小.在电压1.2 V、通量0.053 m L·min~(-1)·cm~(-2)、进水初始浓度1000 mg·L~(-1)的条件下,流通式CDI中ACF对硫酸钠的电吸附容量达到7.73 mg·g~(-1),而平板式CDI中ACF电吸附容量为5.42 mg·g~(-1).此外,还考察了在不同盐离子类型条件下的流通式CDI脱盐效果,结果表明,ACF电极对阳离子电吸附强弱顺序依次为K~+Na~+Ca~(2+),对阴离子电吸附强弱顺序为Cl~-NO_3~-SO_4~(2-).流通式CDI装置在12个周期内脱盐效果并无明显衰减,表明CDI具有较好的稳定性.     

贡湖生态修复区水质净化模拟与净化能力

利用三维水质模型,对藻类生长以及沉水植物（穗花狐尾藻、菹草、苦草）的生长和分布进行模拟,探讨春、夏不同季节情况下,贡湖生态修复区对流域内流入的氮、磷污染负荷的净化效果,旨在进一步定量地揭示沉水植物对富营养化水体净化的重要作用.结果表明贡湖生态修复区夏季（7~9月）出水口IV类水水质达标率略优于春季（3~5月）,主要体现在春季氮、磷污染负荷流入,刺激藻类生长,叶绿素a浓度较高;夏季沉水植物生长旺盛,能够与藻类竞争营养盐,从而抑制藻类生长.考虑氮磷污染物流入湖体的后续效应,180d内春季贡湖生态修复区总氮、总磷平均稀释净化效率分别为74.76%和71.00%,180d内夏季贡湖生态修复区总氮、总磷平均稀释净化效率分别为73.20%和64.65%.修复区最大净化能力估算结果为加强生态修复区的管理,保障清水还湖水质提供了参考依据.     

基于AGA-PP的农村公共安全综合风险评价方法

为了构建一套有效评价农村公共安全风险的指标体系和评价方法,考虑农村环境承载力影响因素对农村公共安全的制约,围绕农村生态承载力、基础设施承载力、社会承载力和人口承载力4个维度,提出能够全面评价农村公共安全风险的指标体系和基于PP（projection pursuit,投影寻踪）模型的风险评价方法.在风险评价方法构建上,采用AGA（accelerated genetic algorithm,加速遗传算法）对PP模型进行改进,实现投影指标函数的快速优化,在此基础上,采用回归分析方法,将时间序列与一维投影值进行拟合,求得一维投影值的预测曲线,通过对一维投影值的预测,利用信息扩散理论将投影值所携带的风险信息扩散至设定的4个风险等级上,用风险熵计算农村环境承载力发展趋势,并借以评价农村公共安全的风险大小.结果表明:基于AGA-PP的评价方法能够最大限度暴露多维指标数据的结构特征.依据最佳投影方向获得的一维投影值与时间序列拟合后,其拟合精度达到0.027 1,较高的拟合精度保证了后续农村环境承载力风险熵值的可信度,这在一定程度上保证了农村公共安全风险评价的可靠性.研究显示,从农村环境承载力的视角评价农村公共安全风险能够很好地反映农村公共安全风险的现实状况和发展趋势.基于AGA-PP的农村公共安全评价方法简单有效,具有评价精度高且与实际吻合度高的特征,能够为公共安全管理部门提供决策依据和方法参考.      

两性膨润土增强不同层次紫色土吸附Cu2+的研究

为了证实两性粘土对不同层次紫色土吸附Cu~(2+)的促进作用,以不同比例(25%、50%和100%)十四烷基二甲基甜菜碱(BS-14)修饰膨润土作为两性基质,将其分别以5%的比例(质量比)添加至表层和粘化层紫色土中,采用批处理法研究不同两性基质添加比例对表层紫色土(ZS)和粘化层紫色土(ZA)吸附Cu~(2+)的等温吸附特征,并对比温度、p H值和离子强度对Cu~(2+)吸附效果的影响。结果表明:(1)表层紫色土添加BS膨润土(ZS-BS)和粘化层紫色土添加BS膨润土(ZA-BS)对Cu~(2+)的吸附量均随着BS膨润土中BS-14修饰比例的增大而增加,且相同BS-14修饰比例下ZA-BS对Cu~(2+)的吸附量高于ZS-BS。(2)p H值在3~5范围内,表层和粘化层紫色土对Cu~(2+)的吸附量均随p H值的升高而增大。温度从20℃增加到40℃时,两层次土样对Cu~(2+)的吸附量均随温度的升高而增加。土样对Cu~(2+)的吸附量在离子强度I=0.1 mol/L时最大,在I=0.01 mol/L时最小。(3)热力学参数结果表明添加BS膨润土后,不同层次紫色土吸附Cu~(2+)是一个自发、吸热和熵增的过程。