Modeling mobile source emissions during traffic jams in a micro urban environment

Urbanization typically involves a continuous increase in motor vehicle use, resulting in congestion known as traffic jams. Idling emissions due to traffic jams combine with the complex terrain created by buildings to concentrate atmospheric pollutants in localized areas. This research simulates emissions concentrations and distributions for a congested street in Minsk, Belarus. Ground-level (up to 50-meters above the street's surface) pollutant concentrations were calculated using STAR (version 3.10) with emission factors obtained from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, wind speed and direction, and building location and size. Relative emissions concentrations and distributions were simulated at 1-meter and 10-meters above street level. The findings demonstrate the importance of wind speed and direction, and building size and location on emissions concentrations and distributions, with the leeward sides of buildings retaining up to 99 percent of the emitted pollutants within 1-meter of street level, and up to 77 percent 10-meters above the street.     

Quantitative Assessment of Agricultural Runoff and Soil Erosion Using Mathematical Modeling: Applications in the Mediterranean Region

Three mathematical models, the runoff curve number equation, the universal soil loss equation, and the mass response functions, were evaluated for predicting nonpoint source nutrient loading from agricultural watersheds of the Mediterranean region. These methodologies were applied to a catchment, the gulf of Gera Basin, that is a typical terrestrial ecosystem of the islands of the Aegean archipelago. The calibration of the model parameters was based on data from experimental plots from which edge-of-field losses of sediment, water runoff, and nutrients were measured. Special emphasis was given to the transport of dissolved and solid-phase nutrients from their sources in the farmers' fields to the outlet of the watershed in order to estimate respective attenuation rates. It was found that nonpoint nutrient loading due to surface losses was high during winter, the contribution being between 50% and 80% of the total annual nutrient losses from the terrestrial ecosystem. The good fit between simulated and experimental data supports the view that these modeling procedures should be considered as reliable and effective methodological tools in Mediterranean areas for evaluating potential control measures, such as management practices for soil and water conservation and changes in land uses, aimed at diminishing soil loss and nutrient delivery to surface waters. Furthermore, the modifications of the general mathematical formulations and the experimental values of the model parameters provided by the study can be used in further application of these methodologies in watersheds with similar characteristics.     

BIOECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF SELECTED CONSERVATION PRACTICES ON SOIL EROSION AND FRESHWATER FISHERIES1

ABSTRACT: Farmers can generate environmental benefits (improved water quality and fisheries and wildlife habitat), but they may not be able to quantify them. Furthermore, farmers may reduce their incomes from managing lands to produce these positive externalities but receive little monetary compensation in return. This study simulated the relationship between agricultural practices, water quality, fish responses to suspended sediment and farm income within two small watersheds, one of a cool water stream and one of a warm water stream. Using the Agricultural Drainage and Pesticide Transport (ADAPT) model, this study related best management practices (BMPs) to calculated instream suspended sediment concentrations by estimating sediment delivery, runoff, base flow, and streambank erosion to quantify the effects of suspended sediment exposure on fish communities. By implementing selected BMPs in each watershed, annual net farm income declined $18,000 to $28,000 (1 to 3 percent) from previous levels. “Lethal” fish events from suspended sediments in the cool water watershed decreased by 60 percent as conservation tillage and riparian buffers increased. Despite reducing suspended sediments by 25 percent, BMPs in the warm water watershed did not reduce the negative response of the fisheries. Differences in responses (physical and biological) between watersheds highlight potential gains in economic efficiency by targeting BMPs or by offering performance based “green payments.”     

双级虚拟撞击采样器应用于固定污染源PM10和PM2.5排放测量

为贯彻落实《大气污染防治行动计划》,环境保护部指导各地开展大气污染源排放清单编制工作,其中包括固定源PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)的排放清单.但目前国内尚无固定源PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)标准采样方法.本研究提出了适合我国固定源PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)测量的双级虚拟撞击采样方法,开发了相应的分级采样系统,并用该方法对各类固定源进行了现场测试.测试结果表明,所测试的煤粉炉电厂的烟囱入口PM_(2.5)质量浓度为(0.93±0.03)mg·m~(-3),PM_(10)质量浓度为(1.13±0.11)mg·m~(-3).所测试的垃圾焚烧电厂的烟囱排放口PM_(2.5)质量浓度为(3.3±0.65)mg·m~(-3),PM_(10)质量浓度为(6.9±0.86)mg·m~(-3).所测试的大型循环流化床发电厂的烟囱排放口PM_(2.5)质量浓度为(0.59±0.04)mg·m~(-3),PM_(10)质量浓度为(1.12±0.16)mg·m~(-3).所测试的钢铁转炉的烟囱排放口PM_(2.5)质量浓度为(0.15±0.04)mg·m~(-3),PM_(10)质量浓度为(0.43±0.15)mg·m~(-3).     

典型工业源VOCs治理现状及排放组成特征

基于长三角典型城市大气VOCs排放清单识别的8个VOCs主要排放行业,选择11家代表性企业,实测研究了VOCs治理装置、排放现状、排放组成特征,并计算相关行业排放的臭氧生成潜势.结果表明,不同净化技术对非甲烷总烃(NMHC)的去除效率差异大,存在净化后浓度增加的现象,目前的环保装置对废气的处理有待优化.本次采样的大部分企业存在NMHC、苯、甲苯、二甲苯超标现象,其中甲苯的超标情况最严重.对于筛选的8个主要行业,芳香烃和含氧VOCs,是最主要的排放化合物,芳香烃是对臭氧生成贡献最大的化合物.在不同行业中,VOCs组成存在显著差异,因此在制定VOCs减排控制措施时,应优先减排对臭氧生成贡献大的行业.     

粘土矿物比率对沙尘源区的指示

为了探讨中国北方沙尘源区矿物组成特征并建立沙尘气溶胶的矿物示踪指标,在亚太地区气溶胶特征实验(ACE-Asia)期间对新疆阿克苏、甘肃敦煌、陕西榆林和内蒙古通辽沙尘气溶胶的矿物组成进行了研究.结果显示,中国主要沙尘源区沙尘气溶胶中高岭石与绿泥石的比率存在明显差异,西部沙尘源区(以阿克苏站点为代表)高岭石与绿泥石的比值较小(平均值为0.3),而北部沙尘源区(以榆林站点为代表)高岭石与绿泥石的比值相对较高(平均值为0.7).沉降区长武尘暴样品的粘土矿物比率和气团轨迹分析证实,在区域范围,高岭石与绿泥石的比值为较好的沙尘源区矿物示踪指标.而亚洲沙尘与撒哈拉沙尘的对比显示,高岭石与绿泥石的比值在全球范围有着沙尘源区指示的意义.     

对"有毒重金属"实施2种总量控制监管方式的利害分析

首先,必须明确认定：对第一类污染物实施《源头总量控制》是污控执法和促进经济结构改革的保证条件.这种监管方式自2008年《第一次全国污染源普查工业污染源产排污系数手册》公布以来,更具有其切实实施的可行性.《源头总量控制》与《水环境总量控制》两种监管方式既是各自独立、缺一不可,又是相互依赖和相互补充的关系,目前一些地方的规划管理者模糊和混淆了两类污染物和两种监管的内容和方式,笼统以《水环境总量控制》来监管所有污染物,丢弃了《源头总量控制》,使本应严加管理的饮用水水源地丧失了控制第一类污染物的能力.我国《地面水环境质量标准》（GB 3838-88）中第一类污染物的水质指标与我国实际的水环境背景值有很大差距,存在着＂放宽允排量＂和＂价态转化引发危害＂的问题;以一个10 t电解铅的企业为例,证明两种监管方式的铅允排量相差甚大.总之,把第一类污染物与第二类污染物统一实施《水环境容量总量控制》将带来众多的危害,应当严格实施《源头总量控制》与《水环境总量控制》相结合的监管方式.     

广州市大气中颗粒态多环芳烃(PAHs)的主要污染源

采用特征化合物与因子分析对广州市大气中颗粒态PAHs的来源及其贡献率进行研究.结果表明,广州大气中颗粒态多环芳烃主要来源是机动车尾气排放和燃煤,其中机动车为主要污染源,占了69%,其次为燃煤,占了31%.冬季大气中颗粒态多环芳烃污染加重的主要原因为低温、无风的气象条件下形成的逆温效应,主要污染源为机动车的尾气排放;夏季颗粒态多环芳烃污染的增大同样是无风时不利于污染物扩散的结果,但此时燃煤对大气中颗粒态多环芳烃污染的贡献要略大于机动车尾气排放.     

基于多因子指数集成的流域面源污染风险研究

为掌握流域面源污染风险的整体趋势,基于风险评价时,单个因子对系统某种风险的贡献率可能大于1且因子对系统风险贡献呈一定结构性的问题,定义了风险标准值的概念和算法,建立了系统风险多因子集成评价方法,并在地理信息系统支持下对泸沽湖流域进行了案例研究.结果表明,泸沽湖流域面源污染流失风险处于较高的水平;系统风险多因子集成评价法在对多个同类系统间进行比较时,具有较大的优势;该方法可以与其他多种方法相结合对系统属性进行全面综合评价.     

海河流域农村非点源污染现状及空间特征分析

采用污染排放系数法估算了2008年海河流域农村生活源、畜禽分散养殖、农田化肥流失3个主要农村非点源COD、TN、TP和NH3-N 4种污染物的排放量,并对其排放强度和空间分布特征进行了分析.结果表明,海河流域农村非点源污染源排放COD、TN、TP和NH3-N总量分别为2435826, 3042079, 540568, 1798760t/a,平均排放强度分别为11.10, 13.97, 2.98, 8.28t/(km2·a).海河流域内河北省的3个农村非点源的4种污染物排放量均居首位,农村居民生活源对海河流域非点源污染贡献最大,是流域非点源污染控制最主要的对象;子牙河水系农村非点源污染物排放总量最大,而徒骇马颊河水系排放强度最大,是海河流域内污染最严重的水系,其首要非点源污染源是山东省的农村生活源.流域内非点源污染排放量和排放强度均呈现区域性分布,山区和平原区分别呈现出低污染等级和高污染等级.