我国农耕土壤Cd污染与植物修复现状

中国人均耕地面积不足,农耕土壤的Cd污染问题对土壤资源的可持续利用和农作物的安全构成了巨大的潜在威胁。通过简述中国农耕土壤Cd污染现状和造成农耕土壤Cd污染的原因,并结合中原地区农耕土壤Cd污染调查情况,概述了中国近5年农耕土壤和农作物受到Cd污染的程度。总结近年来国家在济源开展植物修复土壤Cd污染试点工程及湖南启动长株潭耕地重金属污染修复以及农作物种植结构调整试点工程的修复效果,并简述了目前中国土壤的治理措施。最后,通过试点工程期间遇到的问题探究中国农耕土壤Cd污染的修复之路,展望未来Cd污染土壤修复工作的重点和预防措施。     

三江源植被保持土壤能力的时空变化

为深入了解三江源区植被保持土壤的能力,以RS和GIS为技术支撑,在对三江源区植被覆盖度动态变化特征分析的基础上,利用SL190—2007《土壤侵蚀分类分级标准》推荐的中国土壤侵蚀模型CSLE(Chinese soil loss equation)估算了2000—2010年三江源区植被的土壤保持能力,并分析其时空动态变化特征. 结果表明:①2000—2010年三江源区年均植被覆盖度为43%~50%;植被平均土壤保持量为849~955 t/km2,并且空间差异很大,总体上呈自西北向东南增加的空间分布格局. ②2000—2010年植被的土壤保持能力呈逐渐增加趋势,其中2000—2005年各流域的土壤保持能力平均增加了约29 t/km2,并以大夏河与洮河流域土壤保持能力的增幅(约700 t/km2)最大,其次为玛曲至龙羊峡(约300 t/km2),羌塘高原区植被的土壤保持能力增幅(仅2.08 t/km2)最小;2005—2010年各流域的土壤保持能力呈现轻微增长,平均增加了约9 t/km2,其中增幅较大的是柴达木盆地东和直门达至石鼓流域(约16 t/km2),增幅最小的是羌塘高原区(仅3.90 t/km2). ③三江源植被土壤保持能力随植被覆盖度的增加呈非线性增长,可通过指数或幂函数形式表达. 研究显示,增加植被覆盖度有助于提高三江源区的土壤保持能力、控制区域土壤侵蚀.      

Does a change of irrigation technique impact on groundwater resources? A case study in Northeastern Italy

The Venetian plain is a densely populated area and one of the most economically competitive regions in Europe. Therefore, a sustainable management of the water resources has to be accomplished to preserve both the social and economic value of this area and the regional environment in accordance with the European water policy directives. This paper presents the analysis of hydrologic and hydrogeological water balances of the high alluvial plain (approximately 790 km²) highlighting some important peculiarities that could be crucial for the local water policy. By focusing on the importance of different water budget components, the obtained results indicate in the irrigation the most relevant component of the aquifer recharge. Thus, the irrigation management policy of the Land Reclamation Consortia strongly influences aquifer recharge. Moreover, future scenarios (2071–2100) for the high Venetian plain are performed taking into account the changes of climate and irrigation policy. The inflow of the aquifer suffers a decrease ranging from 18% in the scenario influenced by climate change to 28% in the scenario affected by both the variations. In particular, the irrigation recharge shows the highest reduction due to both an increase in evaporation, owing to an increase in the surface temperature, or the irrigation methods. Therefore, the irrigation management policy adopted by the Land Reclamation Consortia is a fundamental concern. Changes from surface irrigation to spray or drip irrigation could strongly affect the aquifer recharge. The classical technique of surface irrigation is very useful in terms of aquifer recharge in comparison with drip or spray irrigation. However, it also requires a huge volume of water compared with the minimum desirable streamflow of a river and its management policy. Currently in Italy, the transition from conventional irrigation systems to water saving techniques is favored by the Land Reclamation Consortia in response to European and Italian directives. However, the possible reduction of the aquifer recharge could influence the actual social and economic condition of the Venetian plain because the human and industrial water needs are mostly dependent by groundwater exploitation. Therefore, water saving activities should be accompanied by appropriate corrective actions to reduce the environmental and social impact due to the decrease in aquifer recharge.     

恩施市龙洞河污染现状与防治对策

依据龙洞河地表水质监测数据,客观分析了龙洞河水质污染现状、主要污染物。根据污染特征,提出了相应的防治措施。     

Plankton community composition in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region revealed by PCR-DGGE and its relationships with environmental factors

To explore the relationships between community composition and the environment in a reservoir ecosystem, plankton communities from the Three Gorges Reservoir Region were studied by PCR-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis fingerprinting. Bacterial and eukaryotic operational taxonomic units （OTUs）, generated by DGGE analysis of the PCR-amplified 16S and 18S rRNA genes, were used as surrogates for the dominant ＂biodiversity units＂. OTU composition among the sites was heterogeneous; 46.7% of the total bacterial OTUs （45） and 64.1% of the eukaryotic OTUs （39） were identified in less than half of the sampling sites. Unweighted pair group method with arithmetic averages （UPGMA） clustering of the OTUs suggested that the plankton communities in the Xiangxi Rive sites were not always significantly different from those from the Yangtze River sites, despite clear differences in their environmental characterizations. Canonical correspondence analysis （CCA） was applied to further investigate the relationships between OTU composition and the environmental factors. The first two CCA ordination axes suggested that the bacterial community composition was primarily correlated with the variables of NO3^--N, dissolved oxygen （DO）, and SiO3^2--Si, whereas, the eukaryotic community was mainly correlated with the concentrations of DO, PO4^3--P, and SiO3^2--Si.     

三峡库区农业化肥流失污染及其成因分析

农业化肥流失是三峡库区最主要的非点源污染源之一,其污染成因分析对有效控制三峡库区非点源污染具有重要的指导意义。通过对三峡库区19个区县化肥用量、施肥强度、品种、比例结构、流失负荷的统计资料分析,明确了库区化肥流失非点源污染的基本情况;接着随机性选取石柱县、开县、宜昌市、兴山县4库区县市12个监测点进行监测分析．同时结合秭归县15个人工模拟降雨试验。得出库区化肥施用强度高,分布不均匀,施用品种单一,重氮肥、磷肥轻钾肥,化肥N,P流失非点源污染有加重的趋势,且化肥N,P的流失量与土壤肥力成正比[N：R2=0.51〉0.468（n=16,95％）;P：R^2=0．68〉0．549（n=19.99％）],与农田地表中粉粒（0．002—0．02mm）和粘粒（〈0．002mm）浓度成正比,与施肥强度呈显著性正相关;降雨强度越大、地表植被越少,化肥N,P流失越大[R^2=0．98 R^2〉765（n=8.99％）]。     

2014-2017年四川盆地与京津冀地区冬季空气停滞特征及大气质量改善评估对比分析

对2014-2017年四川盆地和京津冀地区气象数据和污染物浓度数据进行综合评估,在原有全球空气停滞日判别标准基础上发展出本地化空气停滞指数阈值,并以提高两个区域空气质量优良天数为目的建立模型,计算各城市空气停滞发生时PM_2.5污染上限浓度参考值.本研究得出,四川盆地和京津冀地区本地化空气停滞日判别标准分别为地面风速 < 2.5 m·s^-1、边界层高度 < 500 m和地面风速 < 3 m·s^-1、边界层高度 < 300 m.四川盆地冬季空气停滞发生频率四周高,中心小,空气停滞对空气质量的影响西部高于东部;京津冀中部和南部空气停滞频率发生高,空气停滞对空气质量的影响呈现显著的南北差异.四川盆地以成都为中心城市群及京津冀中部和南部地区的高污染排放强度和高空气停滞频率导致重污染事件的频发.本文对我国两个冬季重污染高发的区域进行深入研究,更为客观、量化地评估4年来区域空气质量实际改善程度并初步建立空气质量目标管理模型,以期为区域空气质量达标管理提供可靠的科学依据.     

陕西关中地区土地资源的优化配置

从分析陕西省关中地区土地资源利用现状结构特征及存在问题入手,运用灰色线性规划模型对土地利用结构进行优化配置。模型选取多个影响土地利用结构因子,并通过预测未来关中地区各行各业之用地需求及用地限制从而确定出各因子适当参数,进行模拟后得出典型备选方案。最后从综合效益及可行性双方面考虑,经层次分析法择出未来关中地区最优土地利用决策方案。     

人工快渗系统在三峡库区处理生活污水的适应性研究

目前国内人工快渗系统的研究主要集中在北方缺水、气候寒冷干燥地区,本研究针对土壤和气候条件特殊的三峡库区,试验研究CRI系统的构建及其处理性能,探索该技术在库区的适应性.结果表明,库区常见的灰棕紫泥土渗透系数较小,折算成水力负荷为0.1 m³·(m²·d)^-1,在该水力负荷下,湿干比为1d∶3d时,系统取得较好的处理效果.气候条件、土壤特性是影响湿干比的主要因素,1d∶3d的湿干比对库区是适宜的,表明CRI系统在三峡库区处理生活污水是可行的.     

基于遥感估产的2006—2015年青海果洛与玉树地区草畜平衡分析

三江源区草地资源丰富,开展草畜平衡研究,可为草原环境保护和区域经济可持续发展提供决策支持。论文以青海省果洛藏族自治州和玉树藏族自治州作为研究区,基于产草量反演和载畜量计算,结合草畜平衡指数和草地载畜压力指数两大指标开展草畜平衡分析。结果表明：2006—2013年两自治州的平均草畜平衡指数自47.1%变化至-13.8%,草畜平衡状况整体在不断改善,2014—2015年超载情况有所加重;相比于果洛藏族自治州的年均草畜平衡指数为38.15%,玉树藏族自治州的年均草畜平衡指数为33.51%,草畜平衡状况较好。建议两地区有关部门加强规划和政策调控,按照“以草定畜”的原则加强草畜平衡精细化管理,并以大数据驱动草畜平衡决策支持信息化建设。