基于层次分析法的中原经济区流域水系统健康评价

为了在水资源与水环境双重制约下制订人水和谐发展的政策提供决策支持,以我国中原经济区这一重点开发区域为例,基于层次分析法构建了以水系统自然条件、水系统服务功能及人类活动影响三要素(共计20项指标)为基础的流域水系统健康评价体系,并以2011年作为评价年,将中原经济区的水资源二级区作为基本流域单元对水系统健康状况进行评价. 结果表明:中原经济区9个水资源二级区中,除了淮河上游水资源二级区(3.20分,完全健康状态为5.00分)为基本健康状态、汉江水资源二级区(2.77分)和三门峡至花园口水资源二级区(2.18分)为亚健康状态以外,其余水资源二级区(0.55~1.77分)均为不健康及极不健康状态. 分析显示,人类活动影响是影响中原经济区内各流域水系统健康状况的主要原因,人口众多、工农业开发活动强度大使得其对水资源需求巨大. 部分水资源二级区对地下水资源依赖程度较高,造成不同程度的地下水超采现象. 伴随着高强度水资源利用的是水污染物的高强度排放,部分河流水污染状况严重,甚至在局部地区造成了地下水污染. 这种不健康的状态在中原经济区内由南向北随着水系统自然条件和水系统服务功能的降低呈加重趋势.      

Methods development and use of macroinvertebrates as indicators of ecological conditions for streams in the Mid-Atlantic Highlands Region

The Mid-Atlantic Highlands Assessment (MAHA) included the sampling of macroinvertebrates from 424 wadeable stream sites to determine status and trends, biological conditions, and water quality in first through third order streams in the Mid-Atlantic Highlands Region (MAHR) of the United States in 1993–1995. We identified reference and impaired sites using water chemistry and habitat criteria and evaluated a set of candidate macroinvertebrate metrics using a stepwise process. This process examined several metric characteristics, including ability of metrics to discriminate reference and impaired sites, relative scope of impairment, correlations with chemical and habitat indicators of stream disturbance, redundancy with other metrics, and within-year variability. Metrics that performed well were compared with metrics currently being used by three states in the region: Pennsylvania, Virginia, and West Virginia. Some of the metrics used by these states did not perform well when evaluated using regional data, while other metrics used by all three states in some form, specifically number of taxa, number of EPT taxa, and Hilsenhoff Biotic Index, performed well overall. Reasons for discrepancies between state and regional evaluations of metrics are explored. We also provide a set of metrics that, when used in combination, may provide a useful assessment of stream conditions in the MAHR.     

西南地区生态文化旅游科技发展战略初探

西南地区旅游资源丰富多样,但经济发展水平相对落后.要实现西南地区经济社会的腾飞,必须实施生态文化旅游科技发展战略.在分析西南地区旅游资源特点的基础上,指出了旅游发展的战略目标及主要任务,并提出了相关建议.     

资源所有权制度改革与西部地区经济发展

随着资源的开采，西部许多地区不是越来越富而是越来越穷，形成了资源富有与经济落后的强烈反差，出现了“富饶的贫困”现象。在资源所有权制度改革中应充分考虑资源利益的多主体性和不同利益主体之间的利益综合平衡，尤其需要考虑到资源所在地的利益问题，确立资源地区对属地资源的收益权，增强资源地自我约束、自我积累、自我发展的能力，才能保证西部资源的开发能有效地带动当地经济的发展。     

长江三角洲地区春季臭氧异常高值的数值模拟研究

已有的观测与研究表明,长江三角洲地区春季的臭氧浓度为全年最高,且高浓度臭氧出现的频率也最高.采用美国环境保护局(USEPA)的区域大气质量模式(CMAQ)研究长江三角洲地区2000年5月一次臭氧异常高值事件.与地面观测资料的对比分析表明,该模式基本再现了臭氧及其前体物的变化趋势.通过个例分析,从物理和化学两方面解释了2000年5月11日佘山、嘉兴和临安均观测到高浓度臭氧的原因.模拟结果表明,气象场对区域空气污染分布形式起着至关重要的作用,同时也反应了在适当的风场作用下,上海地区的污染源可以对长江三角洲地区的空气质量造成很大影响.      

甘肃河西地区土地荒漠化的现状、成因及其防治

甘肃省河西地区是我国荒漠化发生最重要的地区之一,其荒漠化主要类型有风蚀漠化、水蚀荒漠化和土壤盐渍化。全区现有各类荒漠化土地21．3万km^2,其中分布最广泛的沙质荒漠化土有17．59万km^2。荒漠化对当地居民的社会经济生活带来了多方面的危害。河西地区荒漠化的形成有其自然和人为两方面的原因;河西地区自然条件恶劣,干旱、风大、沙多、植被稀疏;以及生产实践中、水、土、植被资源等缺乏科学、合理的利用是引起荒漠化的主要原因。为了防治和轻减河西地区的荒漠化,提出了几点防治对策;首先是控制人口增长、提高人口素质;其次是调整产业结构,合理利用资源;第三是加大荒漠化防治的投入,尤其是防沙治沙中资金、科研、人才的投入,建设重点荒漠化防治项目,使河西地区最普遍的沙质荒漠化得到遏制;第四是加强管理,提高科学管理水平,加强执法力度。     

Status of Aquatic Bioassessment in U.S. EPA Region IX

U.S. EPA Region IX is supporting bioassessment programs in Arizona, California, Hawaii and Nevada using biocriteria program and Regional Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program (R-EMAP) resources. These programs are designed to improve the state, tribal and regional ability to determine the status of water quality. Biocriteria program funds were used to coordinate with Arizona, California and Hawaii which resulted in these states establishing reference conditions and in developing biological indices. U.S. EPA Region IX has initiated R-EMAP projects in California and Nevada. These U.S. EPA Region IX sponsored programs have provided an opportunity to interact with the States and provide them with technical and management support. In Arizona, several projects are being conducted to develop the State's bioassessment program. These include the development of a rotational random monitoring program; a regional reference approach for macroinvertebrate bioassessments; ecoregion approach to testing and adoption of an alternate regional classification system; and development of warm-water and cold-water indices of biological integrity. The indices are projected to be used in the Arizona Department of Environmental Quality (ADEQ) 2000 water quality assessment report. In California, an Index of Biological Integrity (IBI) has been developed for the Russian River Watershed using resources from U.S. EPA's Non-point Source (NPS) Program grants. A regional IBI is under development for certain water bodies in the San Diego Regional Water Quality Control Board. Resources from the U.S. EPA Biocriteria program are being used to support the California Aquatic Bioassessment Workgroup (CABW) in conjunction with the California Department of Fish & Game (CDFG), and to support the Hawaii Department of Health (DoH) Bioassessment Program to refine biological metrics. In Nevada, R-EMAP resources are being used to create a baseline of aquatic information for the Humboldt River watershed. U.S. EPA Region IX is presently working with the Nevada Division of Environmental Protection (NDEP) to establish a Nevada Aquatic Bioassessment Workgroup. Future R-EMAP studies will occur in the Calleguas Creek watershed in Southern California, and in the Muddy and Virgin River watersheds in southern Nevada, and the Walker River watershed in eastern California and west-central Nevada.     

京津冀区域大气重污染过程特征初步分析

基于为京津冀区域和城市环境空气质量预报和空气重污染预警业务提供必要基础参考资料和区域重污染发生发展规律认识的需求,应用现有空气监测网2013—2014年度京津冀区域13个城市空气质量监测数据,分析了该区域2013—2014年空气质量整体情况和污染过程的季节变化规律、污染范围,统计了两年间31次区域范围大气重污染过程,并根据污染过程的空气质量变化特点和大气环流形势,着重对31次重污染过程中均压场天气型污染开展分析。结果表明,2013—2014年京津冀区域空气污染形势严峻,全年约有六成日数受颗粒物污染影响;京津冀区域空气污染南北差异显著,有自北向南逐步加重的特点,南部污染严重城市对区域污染贡献巨大,石家庄、保定、邢台、邯郸4城市将PM_(10)、PM_(2.5)年均浓度分别拉升31、16μg/m~3;2013—2014年京津冀区域大范围重污染过程集中发生在秋冬季,两季的污染过程对区域两年PM_(10)、PM_(2.5)平均浓度分别拉升27、21μg/m~3;京津冀区域均压场天气型污染可细分为臭氧型均压场和颗粒物型均压场。当秋冬季出现较小气压梯度、西南小风、逆温层等均压场天气型时,容易造成区域颗粒物污染过程;而春末、夏季出现均压场天气型时,容易造成O_3污染。     

珠三角区域空气质量预报方法及预报效果评估

介绍了珠三角区域空气质量预报的"六步法"流程,并对2015年空气质量等级和首要污染物预报准确率进行评估研究。结果表明,2015年珠三角区域空气质量以优良为主,24 h等级预报准确率1月最高2月最低,平均准确率为87.6%;出现的首要污染物种类包括PM2.5,PM10,O3-8 h和NO2,预报准确率9月最高3月最低,平均准确率为72.7%。     

长江三角洲地区海洋产业竞争力评价

作为全国海洋经济发展高地,长三角已初步形成比较完备的海洋产业体系。构建区域海洋产业竞争力评价的单要素对比分析与全要素综合量化评价的方法及指标体系,以2008～2010年度海洋统计数据从竞争力要素层和省域综合评判了江浙沪海洋产业竞争力,从不同侧面揭示江浙沪海洋产业竞争力优、劣势与空间差异性。研究表明：要素层面,上海除海洋产业发展条件外均位于江浙沪首位,而江浙两省的4要素差异较小;省域层面综合测度呈现上海处于长三角龙头地位,江浙两省虽有梯度但初现两翼格局。单要素竞争力格局与综合竞争力区域分异,既表明长三角海洋产业竞争力在要素层存在同构,又隐喻了区域一体化背景下长三角海洋产业的区域合作与整体竞争力提升的强烈要求