尼尔基水利枢纽施工干扰区生态环境修复与景观规划设计

大型水利工程的建设无疑为人们的生产生活带来了安全与保障,但其施工对生态环境的破坏同样不可小觑。本文结合尼尔基水利枢纽施工干扰区的实际情况,探讨水利枢纽施工干扰区生态环境修复与景观规划设计的理念与指导思想,从植物选择、水体处理与分区设计3个方面介绍了尼尔基水利枢纽施工干扰区生态环境修复与景观规划设计的主体方案构思。     

Wetland drainage in the Canadian prairies: Nutrient, salt and bacteria characteristics

Intensification of agriculture has led to renewed efforts to drain wetlands throughout North American prairies. It is perceived to threaten downstream ecosystem health through enhancing nutrient, bacteria and salt loading. An experiment was conducted to determine temporal variations in wetland solute storage and export upon drainage. Water quality along seven ditches and five natural spills that form between wetlands was also compared. The experimental wetland acted as a solute storage zone prior to its drainage. Variations in salts and DOC were influenced by hydrological processes, whereas variations in nutrients and bacteria were also influenced by biotic and/or sorption processes. Wetland water quality was an important control of drainage water quality as the wetland ditch acted as a simple conduit. Concentrations of TDN, DOC, HCO₃⁻, K⁺, and Ca²⁺ were higher in ditches than spills. Minimal changes in water quality along ditches and spills occurred, likely due to low spring temperatures that can restrict biotic processing and sorption. Since ditches connect wetlands to streams, they have a greater potential to contribute to downstream solute loading than spills. Wetland drainage efficiency and wetland water quality were deemed the factors critical to determining solute exports via ditches.     

库区滨水城镇设计的生态学方法分析

三峡工程建设引起库区自然水环境的变化,使得在175m以下及临近该水位的个别城镇面临搬迁重建。库区城镇的原有特色是千百年来人类活动与自然环境相适应所形成的,具有三峡库区自身的特点。以生态学的理论为指导,结合现代的规划方法、城市建设技术为传承库区独特的文化和生态遗产,同时可持续地开发利用提供科学的依据和指导。     

基于主成分分析法研究内蒙古环境质量的统计分析

生态环境问题一直以来制约着西部地区的经济发展,内蒙古作为以资源型开发为主要工业结构的自治区在这方面表现尤为突出。为了使内蒙古自治区借助实施西部大开发战略和开展生态环境建设的机会推进环境保护工作的进程,从环境污染和生态破坏角度运用主成分分析法评价内蒙古自治区2005年到2009年间环境质量。通过综合得分分析得出内蒙古环境质量逐年好转,而且环境质量整体优化速率逐年加快,通过主成分分析得到大气污染和工业污染是在不同领域影响自治区环境质量的主导因素,主要归因于内蒙古自治区工业结构以资源能源型为主、沙尘天气频繁出现以及追求经济快速增长所致的环境问题。     

经济韧性与经济高质量发展的关系研究——以长三角地区26个地级市为例

基于熵值法测算得到经济韧性指数和经济高质量发展指数,运用耦合协调模型和多种面板回归模型探究我国长三角城市群经济韧性与经济高质量发展之间的协同关系和影响效应。结果表明:①长三角城市经济韧性和经济高质量发展水平不断提升,表现出"核心—边缘"的空间格局。②二者协同关系呈现稳中有升态势,但核心城市和边缘城市的相对差异逐渐扩大。③经济韧性显著促进经济高质量发展,边缘地区经济韧性对经济质量的作用效果更强。因此,长三角地区要充分发挥中心城市的辐射作用,加强城市内外产业联动发展,以推动经济稳定持续的高质量发展。     

Climate variability,water levels,and fish catch in the Upper East Region of Ghana

The aim of the research was to investigate the effects of climate variability on selected water bodies in the Upper East Region of Ghana using time series decomposition and simple linear regression analyses. Data on temperature and rainfall (1960–2015), annual total fish catch (1996–2016), and the recorded water levels (1987–2015) of a major reservoir, the Tono, were used. Time series decomposition analyses were performed on the rainfall, temperature, and water level data to identify their trends. While temperature was increasing, rainfall was decreasing and resulted in a decrease in the water level in the Tono Reservoir. The decreasing water level in the reservoir made fish catch easier, which led to overfishing. Out of the other 39 dugouts studied, 8 (21%) were silted. Also, rainfall was decreasing at 4.4% per decade and minimum and maximum temperatures were increasing at 2.5% and 0.03% per decade, respectively. The minimum, maximum, and mean water levels of the Tono Reservoir were 3.7, 8.0, and 4.9 meters (m), respectively. The water level of the Tono Reservoir was decreasing by ?0.08 m per year. It is concluded that the water level in the Tono Reservoir was continually decreasing as a result of decreasing rainfall and increasing maximum and minimum temperatures. To maintain a much more stable microclimate and decrease the siltation rate of the reservoirs, farmers are advised to stop farming along the banks of water bodies and avoid clearing vegetation. Fishermen are also encouraged to adopt fish farming in enclosed areas within the reservoir to meet the growing protein demands in the Upper East Region of Ghana.     

三江源区生态系统服务间接使用价值评估

论文利用替代成本法、机会成本法和影子工程法等经济学方法,对三江源区生态系统提供的间接使用价值进行了评估。研究结果表明:2008年三江源区生态系统的间接使用价值共计1.74×10¹¹元,其中水源涵养价值为1.07×10¹¹元,占61.38%,土壤保持价值为4.60×10¹⁰元,占26.50%,气候调节价值为2.01×10¹⁰元,占11.56%,空气质量调节价值为9.56×10⁸元,占0.55%。该结果突出反映了三江源区作为水源发源地在水量平衡、调节区域水分循环和改善水文状况等方面做出的贡献。     

遥感数据结合Biome-BGC模型估算黄淮海地区生态系统生产力

植被净生态系统生产力(NEP)和净第一性生产力(NPP)作为表征植被活动的关键变量,在全球变化研究及区域生态环境评价中起着很重要的作用。Biome-BGC是一个模拟生态系统植被和土壤中的能量、水、碳、氮的流动和存储的生物地球化学循环模型。论文利用2004年时间序列MODIS LAI遥感产品和气象数据,对黄淮海地区的NEP和NPP进行了模拟估算,由于Biome-BGC模型没有农作物生理生态参数,农作物模拟通过修改草地生理生态参数,并在增加施肥、灌溉和收割代码基础上实现。结果表明,2004年黄淮海地区NEP、NPP呈现南部大于北部的空间分布特征;不同植被类型平均NEP和NPP大小顺序分别为:混交林>落叶阔叶林>常绿针叶林>农作物>灌木>草地、混交林>农作物>落叶阔叶林>常绿针叶林>灌木>草地;与观测数据、MODIS NPP产品和统计数据进行对比,表明Biome-BGC模型可较好用于区域植被生产力的模拟,农作物模拟结果与统计数据的决定系数达到0.612 3,且模拟得到的黄淮海地区农作物NPP比MODIS NPP产品更接近统计值。     

中国西南地区的水资源管理

水资源是本世纪的危机资源.中国的水资源相对贫乏,而且空间分布极不平衡,南多北少,西南地区水资源量约占全国水资源总量的46%.加强该地区的水资源管理,对解决我国的水资源危机具有重大的战略意义.在市场经济条件下,只有将国家宏观调控与市场调节结合起来,充分发挥行政和经济两种手段的作用,才能实现对水资源的有效管理.     

洞庭湖区不同利用方式下农田土壤有机碳含量特征

土地利用方式是影响土壤有机碳含量和动态的重要因子之一。其利用方式的改变必将引起土壤有机碳含量发生相应的变化。在洞庭湖腹地选取典型样区,通过调查走访和密集取样,分析了不同土地利用方式（旱地、水旱轮作地、一季稻水田和双季稻水田）下623个农田耕层土样有机碳含量。结果表明,研究区内土壤有机碳含量高低顺序为双季稻水田（28.12 g/kg） > 一季稻水田（27.03 g/kg） > 水旱轮作地（24.79 g/kg） > 旱地（17.96 g/kg）,其差异均达到极显著水平（P < 0.01）。土地生产力、秸秆还田量和土壤水文状态是导致不同利用方式下耕层土壤有机碳含量差异的主要原因。进一步分析表明：加强作物秸秆还田（土）、提高土地复种指数、增加地表覆盖是维持和提高洞庭湖区耕作土壤有机碳含量的可行措施,尤其是旱作土壤。