Nonpoint source pollution risk assessment in a watershed context

Nonpoint source pollution control requires assessment of the influence of dispersed runoff-contributing areas on downstream water quality. This evaluation must consider two separate phases: site-to-stream loading and downstream fluvial transport. Any model, combination of models, or procedure for making this assessment can be generalized to a simple spatial model or framework, which considers runoff or pollutant loading per unit area and down-stream attenuation, with drainage area as a scaling factor. This spatial model has a probabilistic interpretation and can be used in conjunction with a standard dilution model to give a probabilistic estimate of the impacts at the basin mouth of runoff from a specific upstream contributing area. It is illustrated by applying it to an assessment of the probability that various copper concentrations at the mouth of the urbanized South Platte River basin in Denver, Colorado, USA, will be exceeded as a result of runoff from a subbasin within the city. Determining the probability that a concentration of a pollutant at the basin mouth can be attributed to runoff from a discrete area within the basin is useful for targeting and risk assessment because it enables quantitative risk-based comparisons. The spatial framework is also useful for evaluating management and control options, since actions within the basin can be directly linked to water quality at a downstream point.     

塔里木南缘孤立绿洲近50年气候变化特征分析

通过分析塔里木盆地孤立绿洲民丰县气温、降水2个气象要素的相关资料得出，从20世纪50年代至90年代，气温呈上升趋势，而夏秋两季降水量随温度上升而上升。从气象要素的历史变化和季节分布特征看，塔里木盆地的孤立绿洲整体环境状况仍处于比较差的阶段。此分析结论对合理利用本地气候资源具有实际意义，并且能够为研究干旱区气候变化提供一定的帮助。     

Effects of exposure of crocodiles to sublethal concentrations of Petroleum waste drilling fluid in the Niger Delta basin of Midwestern Nigeria

Static bioassay were carried out using two aquatic crocodiles (the short nosed crocodile, Osteolemus tetraspis and the Nile crocodile, Crocodilus niloticus) as test organisms in soft natural dilution water, with Petroleum waste drilling fluid as the test material, at 28 ± 2 °C. Comparison of results for the control and different concentrations of the waste drilling fluid were made by means of the F-statistic method. Both crocodile species exhibited a high insensitivity to the undiluted waste drilling fluid and the different dilutions. Differences in concentration of waste drilling fluid did not influence the response of crocodiles to the potential toxicant. Percentage of deaths which was never greater than 0.2% in control tanks was not significantly different from that in test tanks where mortality values of organisms was typically 1.6% or less in most cases. There was a delay toxicant – induced mortality effect.     

四川盆地卤水的氢、氧同位素地球化学特征及其成因分类研究

四川盆地地下卤水分布广泛，类型繁多，依据氢、氧同位素地质学方法及其分布规律性，将盆地卤水明确划分出大气水淋滤型、海相沉积型、海相沉积-大气降水叠加型和海相沉积-岩浆水叠加型等四种成因类型。该分类明确，标志明显，有确定的成因涵义，取得了较好的效果。     

历史上的一次溃决洪水--1482年沁河流域大洪水

据沁河流域九女台洪水题刻水位及相关历史文献记载,沁河流域1482年洪水洪峰流量极大,历时甚长,与该流域一般洪水过程的差异迥然.通过地貌调查,并利用14C测年等方法,对沁河九女台河段进行了详细研究,发现其1482年高洪水位是梯沟口泥石流-崩塌堆积物堰塞沁河主河道的结果.当年由于降雨,使梯沟流域发生泥石流,并导致沟口右岸岩壁崩塌,形成堰塞坝,造成沁河河道阻塞,过水断面减小,九女台附近河段水位壅高,并保持了近40天的时间,堰塞坝最终溃决,导致沁河下游怀庆府发生严重的洪水灾害.     

Phreatophytic Vegetation and Groundwater Fluctuations: A Review of Current Research and Application of Ecosystem Response Modeling with an Emphasis on Great Basin Vegetation

Although changes in depth to groundwater occur naturally, anthropogenic alterations may exacerbate these fluctuations and, thus, affect vegetation reliant on groundwater. These effects include changes in physiology, structure, and community dynamics, particularly in arid regions where groundwater can be an important water source for many plants. To properly manage ecosystems subject to changes in depth to groundwater, plant responses to both rising and falling groundwater tables must be understood. However, most research has focused exclusively on riparian ecosystems, ignoring regions where groundwater is available to a wider range of species. Here, we review responses of riparian and other species to changes in groundwater levels in arid environments. Although decreasing water tables often result in plant water stress and reduced live biomass, the converse is not necessarily true for rising water tables. Initially, rising water tables kill flooded roots because most species cannot tolerate the associated low oxygen levels. Thus, flooded plants can also experience water stress. Ultimately, individual species responses to either scenario depend on drought and flooding tolerance and the change in root system size and water uptake capacity. However, additional environmental and biological factors can play important roles in the severity of vegetation response to altered groundwater tables. Using the reviewed information, we created two conceptual models to highlight vegetation dynamics in areas with groundwater fluctuations. These models use flow charts to identify key vegetation and ecosystem properties and their responses to changes in groundwater tables to predict community responses. We then incorporated key concepts from these models into EDYS, a comprehensive ecosystem model, to highlight the potential complexity of predicting community change under different fluctuating groundwater scenarios. Such models provide a valuable tool for managing vegetation and groundwater use in areas where groundwater is important to both plants and humans, particularly in the context of climate change.     

关于中国塔里木河流域若干问题的辨识

塔里木河流域的水量及水质变化 ,生态环境质量的优劣 ,生态需水量的估算、整治目标的确定等问题 ,一直是该流域资源环境和社会经济的核心问题。对其近 40年来水文观测资料的时间序列进行分析 ,三源流区的水资源量逐年递增 2× 1 0 7m3,但干流上游阿拉尔来水量每年递减 3× 1 0 7m3。水质的劣变特征亦较明显。通过构建生态脆弱性指数 ,定量评价流域生态环境质量表明 ,干流下游已属于生态环境严重受损区。用潜水蒸发和定额法的原理估算植被耗水 ,提出了维护干流区生态环境在不同目标年的生态需水量。认为应当在水资源承载力和环境容量的阈限内 ,合理确定科学的保护方案     

关中盆地地-气系统灾变的节律性及耦合关系

依据丰富而系统的历史资料，建立了关中盆地历史地震与旱涝灾害两个数据库，分析了近2000a来地-气系统环境灾变的节律性及耦合关系。结果发现：(1)地震活动具有一定的节律性，并先后经历了3个平静期和3个活跃期，平静期与活跃期呈交替出现，具有3～4个世纪的周期；(2)较为严重的干旱、洪涝灾害亦具有一定的周期性，先后经历了2个洪涝期和3个干旱期，其较长尺度的转换周期亦为3～4个世纪；(3)在世纪尺度上，地震活动与旱涝灾害具有某种耦合关系，表现为在地震活动的活跃期，旱涝灾害呈多发性，而在地震活动的平静期，旱涝灾害较为稀少；(4)以较大级别的地震群发为节点，地气系统环境灾变的耦合关系具有先旱→后震→再涝的演替特征。基于上述事实，提出了一个地-气系统环境灾变的概念模型，对地震与旱涝灾害的耦合关系给出了确定性解释。为关中盆地世纪尺度的环境灾变群发性预测提供了新的依据。     

珠江流域人群对典型EDCs的暴露及致癌风险评价

研究以珠江流域为例,结合美国EPA致癌风险评估模型,通过构建多介质-多途径暴露模型,定量评估了该区域居民暴露于镉(Cd)、滴滴涕(DDT)和多氯联苯(PCBs)等典型EDCs污染物的致癌风险,分析风险来源、暴露介质及暴露途径,并探讨不同环境介质的致癌风险贡献率.结果表明:Cd、DDT和PCBs的暴露剂量达2.36×10-4,6.46×10-5,4.62×10-5mg/(kg·d);暴露途径中经口摄入是最主要途径;总致癌风险为2.04×10-4,高于国内外所规定的可接受致癌风险水平上限(1×10-4),环境介质中蔬菜和大米对致癌风险贡献较大,区域主要典型EDCs污染物Cd和PCBs对致癌风险贡献率较大(分别达44%、45%).     

长江流域生态环境协同规制的立法诠释与意涵表达——以《长江保护法》为述评视角

为解决长江流域生态环境治理模式中“权力—权利”主体间存在的结构性冲突,《长江保护法》以专门立法的形式对流域生态环境法律体系进行了统合性建构,创设出“环境公权机关统筹主导+环境私权主体竞相参与”的长江流域生态环境协同规制的新模式。该模式的塑造既有对构建我国现代环境治理体系这一顶层设计的积极遵循,也适配于社会性规制力量蓬勃发展的客观趋向,符合“成本—效益分析”视野下流域生态环境治理成本最小化的价值追求。以对长江流域生态环境治理法律秩序的高度统摄为依归,长江流域生态环境协同规制模式一方面沿循从“宏观宣示”到“微观赋权”的渐进性立法表达路径,对国家权力统筹主导流域治理的地位进行了立法诠释;另一方面也对社会力量多元参与流域治理的功能配置与职责序构作了妥善且周延的法律安排。在学理上,可从形式、理念与要素三重维度内容出发,对长江流域生态环境协同规制模式的法律意涵予以明晰。