氧化剂与新型絮凝剂协同去除酸性大红的研究

选取浓度为25mg/L的酸性大红-GR溶液为模拟染料废水,采用氧化-絮凝耦合工艺,探索了氧化剂种类、絮凝剂种类、废水pH值、氧化剂和絮凝剂投加量对氧化-絮凝耦合处理酸性大红染料的影响,确定最佳处理条件为:酸性大红溶液初始pH值不变,高锰酸钾和PTSS的投加量分别为为20mg/L和10mg/L(以钛离子计),脱色率和COD去除率均最大,分别为96.3%、56.5%。通过FTIR光谱扫描、絮体的显微形貌观察、酸性大红和新型絮凝剂聚硅硫酸钛(PTSS)的表面电动电位随pH值的变化的测定,分析了氧化-絮凝耦合法的反应历程:高锰酸钾破坏酸性大红的发色基团后,自身被还原成新生态二氧化锰胶体;二氧化锰胶体吸附酸性大红及其氧化产物,并被无机高分子絮凝剂PTSS通过电中和及架桥网捕等作用卷裹成絮体。     

池塘悬浮物COD值与灼烧减重燃烧热值的定量关系

为了快速监测水体悬浮有机物的数量,文章采用密封法测定COD,研究了池塘水体悬浮物及固体干物质样品的COD值与燃烧热值及灼烧减重之间的定量关系。结果表明:池塘水体悬浮物及固体干物质样品的COD值与燃烧热值及灼烧减重之间存在显著的相关关系。而且池塘水体悬浮物的COD值与燃烧热值之间的线性回归关系极显著,回归方程为,燃烧热值(J/L)=12.34COD(mg/L)+329.9。给定燃烧热值与有机碳的量以及与有机物量之间的换算系数,就可以推算出池塘悬浮有机物的数量。研究提出了一种池塘水体悬浮有机物的间接定量方法。     

污染减排对城市降水和环境空气质量的影响

文章以2005～2008年湖南省二氧化硫、烟尘和工业粉尘的减排情况以及城市环境空气质量监测结果为基础,分析了大气污染减排对湖南省城市降水和城市环境空气质量的影响,阐述了大气污染减排取得的环境效益,为湖南省下一步的污染减排和环境管理政策及措施的制定提供了依据。     

磷酸活化纺织固体废弃物制备活性炭及表征

以纺织固体废弃物为原料,磷酸为活化剂,采用一步活化法制备活性炭。采用正交实验研究了磷酸浓度、浸渍时间、活化温度和活化时间对活性炭吸附性能的影响,得到最佳工艺条件,借助氮吸附等温线、BET方程、BJH方程、SEM和FTIR分析了活性炭孔结构和表面化学性质。结果表明:最佳工艺条件为磷酸浓度40%(质量分数)、浸渍时间24h、活化温度500℃、活化时间30min。最佳条件下活性炭碘值为967mg/g,亚甲基蓝值为112mL/g,BET比表面积为1107.51m2/g,总孔容积为1.239cm3/g,中孔容积为1.024cm3/g,中孔占82.65%。活性炭表面具有羟基、羰基、内酯基和多种含磷官能团。     

沉积物与土壤有机质化学发光分析技术研究

文章提出了一种新的快速、现场分析沉积物和土壤中有机质含量以及组成特征的方法。该方法的提出建立在臭氧与沉积物和土壤中有机质发生氧化反应过程中会产生化学发光现象基础上。研究发现,不同沉积物和土壤样品由于组成结构不同,所产生的化学发光动力学曲线具有明显特异性差异。利用这种差异,通过原理试验样机所获取的样品化学发光动力学曲线,文章针对沉积物和土壤中有机质进行了初步的定量、定性含量研究,并结合现有检测方法,验证了臭氧氧化发光分析方法分析沉积物和土壤中有机质的可行性。根据实验中得到的不同沉积物和土壤样品化学发光动力学曲线具有很大信息差异的现象,进一步提出了建立沉积物和土壤中有机质特征编码"有机质指纹"的概念。     

粉煤灰储能复合材料的实验研究

通过吸附、熔融浸滞将粉煤灰、月桂酸复合制备得到复合相变储能材料。通过DTA/TG、SEM测试分析,相变储能材料的相变峰值温度为46.01℃,且在44.0℃～55.0℃范围内有一个较大的吸热峰,可实现相变吸放热,且热稳定性好,粉煤灰基本不影响其热性能。微相结构显示粉煤灰能有效吸入大量的月桂酸,具有较好的吸附结合能力。     

Combined fluorescence and electrochemical investigation on the binding interaction between organic acid and human serum albumin

Human serum albumin (HSA) is a plasma protein responsible for the binding and transport of fatty acids and a variety of exogenous chemicals such as drugs and environmental pollutants. Such binding plays a crucial role in determining the ADME (absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion) and bioavailability of the pollutants. We report investigation on the binding interaction between HSA and acetic acid (C2), octanoic acid (C8) and dodecanoic acid (C12) by the combination of site-specific fluorescent probe, tryptophan intrinsic fluorescence and tyrosine electrochemistry. Two fluorescent probes, dansylamide and dansyl-L-proline, were employed in the displacement measurement to study fatty acid interaction with the two drug-binding sites on HSA. Intrinsic fluorescence of tryptophan in HSA was monitored upon addition of the fatty acids into HSA. Electrocatalyzed response of the tyrosine residues in HSA by a redox mediator was used to investigate the binding interaction. Qualitatively, observations made by the three approaches are very similar. HSA did not show any change in either fluorescence or electrochemistry after mixing with C2, suggesting there is no significant interaction with the short-chain fatty acid. For C8, the measured signal dropped in a single-exponential fashion, indicative of independent and non-cooperative binding. The calculated association constant and binding ratio is 3.1×106 L/mol and 1 with drug binding Site I, 1.1×107 L/mol and 1 with Site II, and 7.0×104 L/mol and 4 with the tryptophan site. The measurement with C12 displayed multiple phases of fluorescence change, suggesting cooperativity and allosteric effect of C12 binding. These results correlate well with those obtained by the established methods, and validate the new approach as a viable tool to study the interactions of environmental pollutants with biological molecules.     

Microbiological parameters and maturity degree during composting of Posidonia oceanica residues mixed with vegetable wastes in semi-arid pedo-climatic condition

The aim of this study was to characterize the biological stability and maturity degree of compost during a controlled pile-composting trial of mixed vegetable residues (VR) collected from markets of Tunis City with residues of Posidonia oceanica (PoR), collected from Tunis beaches. The accumulation in beaches (as well as their removal) constitutes a serious environmental problem in all Mediterranean countries particularly in Tunisia. Aerobic-thermophilic composting is the most reasonable way to profit highly-valuable content of organic matter in these wastes for agricultural purposes. The physical, chemical, and biological parameters were monitored during composting over 150 d. The most appropriate parameters were selected to establish the maturity degree. The main result of this research was the deduction of the following maturity criterion: (a) C/N ratio < 15; (b) NH₄⁺-N < 400 mg/kg; (c) CO₂-C < 2000 mg CO₂-C/kg; (d) dehydrogenase activity < 1 mg TPF/g dry matter; (e) germination index (GI) > 80%. These five parameters, considered jointly are indicative of a high maturity degree and thus of a high-quality organic amendment which employed in a rational way, may improve soil fertility and soil quality. The mature compost was relatively rich in N (13.0 g/kg), P (4.74 g/kg) and MgO (15.80 g/kg). Thus composting definitively constitutes the most optimal option to exploit these wastes.     

Biodegradability of soil water soluble organic carbon extracted from seven di erent soils

Water soluble organic carbon (WSOC) is considered the most mobile and reactive soil carbon source and its characterization is an important issue for soil ecology study. A biodegradability test was set up to study WSOC extracted from 7 soils di erently managed. WSOC was extracted from soil with water (soil/water ratio of 1:2, W/V) for 30 min, and then tested for biodegradability by a liquid state respirometric test. Result obtained confirmed the finding that WSOC biodegradability depended on the both land use and management practice. These results suggested the biodegradability test as suitable method to characterize WSOC, and provided useful information to soil fertility.     

Characterization of organic matter in total suspended particles by thermodesorption and pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry

The organic matter in tropospheric aerosol plays an important role in atmospheric physical and chemical processes. The bulk of organic matter, representing a significant proportion of the total suspended particulate (TSP) mass, is bound to polymeric material whose structure and properties are largely unknown. Here we used thermodesorption gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Td- GC/MS) to study organic compounds of low molecular mass and pyrolysis gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS) to characterize the chemical structure of macromolecules in TSP samples collected in di erent seasons from di erent sites in Guangzhou. n-Alkanes, fatty acids and nitriles were the predominant compounds in the thermodesorption products, whereas aromatics, fatty acids, nitriles and n-alkanes/alkenes were the major compounds in the pyrolysates. The results indicated that aromatics were main units in macromolecules. The fatty acids and nitriles formed from carboxylic ammonium salts were detected in both thermodesorption products and pyrolysates at a certain concentration, indicating the importance of these compounds in TSP formation. The TSP source mainly determined the occurrence of compounds in samples from urban, suburban and forest sites, whereas the TSP source and formation process maybe controlled the seasonal variation in compounds detected. High levels of nitriles in summer samples from suburban and forest sites coincide with the release of ammonium from the land and of fatty acids from vegetation at these sites.